Tissues continued (test) Flashcards
1
Q
Cells are organized into ______
A
tissues
2
Q
4 major types of tissues of the human body
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
3
Q
epithelial covers _______ organs, forms the ______, lines _____ _____ and ___ _______
A
covers internal organs, forms the skin, lines body cavities and hollow organs
4
Q
the free surface is call what? what tissue is it in?
A
epithelial tissue, apical surface
5
Q
what is the underside of epithelial tissue anchored by?
A
anchored by a basement membrane to connective tissue
6
Q
what does epithelial tissue lack?
A
blood vessels
7
Q
Why can epithelial injuries heal rapidly?
A
bc epithelial cells divide rapidly and continuously
8
Q
Epithelial cells are ______ packed together
A
closely
9
Q
in many places, what attach epithelial cells together?
A
cell junctions
10
Q
Epithelial cell functions?
A
secretory surfaces, protective surfaces, and selective barriers (which limit transfer of substances in & out of the body)
11
Q
how are epithelial tissues classified?
A
by shape and # of layers
12
Q
squamous cells have what shape?
cuboidal? columnar?
A
squamous: flattened
cuboidal: cube-like
columnar: elongated (tall)/ rectangular
13
Q
epithelial tissues with single layers of cells are called ?
those with two or more cell layers are called ?
A
simple
stratified
14
Q
simple squamous epithelium consists of a ______ layer
A
single
15
Q
substances pass through simple squamous epithelium using what kind of transport?
A
passive (like diffusion)
16
Q
Examples of places to find simple squamous epithelium
A
air sacs of lungs, inner lining of ventral body cavities & blood vessels, and certain parts of the kidney
17
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a _____ layer
A
single
18
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium is located?
A
in kidney tubules, lower respiratory passages, thyroid, salivary & mammary glands
19
Q
simple columnar epithelium is composed of a _____ layer
A
single
20
Q
cells of simple columnar can be _____ or _____
A
ciliated or non-ciliated
21
Q
cilia aid in?
A
moving mucus and moving of particles
22
Q
non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium lines the ______
A
gallbladder, ducts of many glands, gastrointestinal (digestive) tract
23
Q
cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium appear to be what, but are not?
A
multiple layers, but they are not
24
Q
some pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells have what ? what surface is it on?
A
cilia, apical surface
25
pseudostratified columnar epithelium not only usually contain cilia, but also have what and where?
goblet cells scattered throughout the secrete mucus
26
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
nasal cavity, parts of the male urethra, & upper respiratory tract
27
Cells nearest the free surface of stratified squamous epithelium are _____ (shape), while cells in the deepest layer are ______ (shape).
squamous (flattened), cuboidal (cube-like) near the deepest layer
28
Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of ____ layers of ___________ shaped cells
multiple layers of cuboidal (cube-like)
29
Stratified cuboidal epithelium located?
in the ducts of sweat glands
30
Stratified columnar epithelium consist of _____ layers of ______ shaped cells
mulitple layers of columnar (rectangular) chaped cells
31
Stratified columnar epithelium located:
cornea, parts of male urethra, ducts of certain glands
32
Transitional epithelium is specialized to _____
allow urinary organs to STRETCH
33
transitional epithelium forms the lining of what?
the urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra
34
glandular epithelium is composed of cells that are specialized to...
secrete substances
35
exocrine glands secrete their products into ___
ducts/tubes
36
endocrine glands secrete their products into ______
interstitial fluid and blood
37
example of exocrine gland
sweat gland
38
connective tissue functions:
connect and bind organs, support weight of the body w/ bone & cartilage, protect organs, and transport blood
39
extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of _____
fibers (and ground substance)
40
what is the most common kind of cell in connective tissues?
Fibroblast
41
macrophages are specialized for ?
phagocytosis
42
what do fibroblasts produce?
fibers
43
mast cells are usually located near what?
blood vessels
44
histamine functions to ..
dialate blood vessels and help inflammation
45
3 types of fibers produced by fibroblasts?
collagen
elastic
reticular
46
collagenous fibers of composed of?
(protein) collagen
47
dense connective tissue contains abundant ________
collagenous fibers
48
elastic fibers are composed of _____
proteins like elastin
49
examples of places to find elastic fibers
in large blood vessels, skin, certain ligaments
50
Reticular fibers are ____ and form ______
collagen (and web-like) and forma internal structure of many organs
51
where is loose connective tissue located?
EVERYWHERE IN THE BODY
| -deep to epidermis, walls of hollow organs, membranes lining body cavities
52
most cells of loose connective tissue are ______
fibroblasts
53
functions of loose connective tissue :
support, strengthen (provide protection), elasticity , (house blood vessels supplying epithelium)
54
adipocytes
fat cells (found in many different connective tissue)
55
where is adipose tissue located?
under skin, around heart & kidneys
56
adipose tissue functions:
STORES FAT, (provides warmth, insulation, protection, shock absorption, major energy reserve in the body)
57
reticular connective tissue is composed of...
reticular fibers in a gel matrix
58
reticular connective tissue supports
liver, spleen, lymph nodes, immune system (smaller vessels and nerves and internal structure of many organs by forming it)
59
dense connective tissue consists of _____
rows of fibroblasts
60
regular dense connective tissue binds ____
muscles to bones (body parts together)
61
irregular dense connective tissue is located
in the dermis of the skin
62
elastic connective tissue consists of
elastic fibers with fibroblasts
63
elastic connective tissue is located
(certain ligaments & blood vessels) lungs, trachea, arteries
64
cartilage is a _____ connective tissue
ridgid, specialized
65
cartilage provides __________
support, protection, and attachment to other structures
66
cartilage extracellular matrix is composed of
collagen and elastic fibers
67
cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
68
3 types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibro
69
most common type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
70
hyaline cartilage is located
nose, ear, trachea (between bones & joints, nose, respiratory tract, btwn sternum and ribs)
71
elastic cartilage located
external ear
72
fibrocartilage located
in invertebral discs and pelvic bone
73
bone is the most _____ connective tissue
dense, ridgid, hardest
74
bone functions to :
protect and store bone marrow
75
bone matrix is deposited by bone cells called
osteocytes
76
blood is composed of
plasma, red blod cells, white blood cells, and platelets
77
plasma is
liquid matrix
| liquid ECM in blood which is mostly water, dissolved solutes, and proteins
78
cells types of blood are
red (erythrocytes) and white (leukocytes) blood cells
79
skeletal muscle tissue forms ___
muscles
80
skeletal muscle tissue is under conscious control which means its _____
voluntary
81
skeletal muscle tissue function:
move bones
| produce body movement
82
smooth muscle tissue is called smooth because?
it lacks striations
83
smooth muscle tissue is located ?
in walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, eyes, skin, ducts of certain glands)
84
why is smooth muscle involuntary
contracts with out conscious
| brain has no conscious control of its contraction
85
where is cardiac muscle located
only in the heart
86
what is an intercalated disc and what tissue has it ?
its a cell junction
| in cardiac muscle tissue
87
like skeletal muscle, cardiac is ____ but unlike skeletal muscle it is _____
striated, branched/involuntary
88
like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is ____
involuntary
89
which muscle tissues are involuntary?
striated?
uninucleate?
smooth and cardiac, skeletal is voluntary
skeletal & cardiac are striated, smooth is not
smooth & cardiac are uni, skeletal is multinucleate
90
where are nervous tissue found?
brain and nervous system, (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
91
basic cells of nervous tissue are
neurons
92
in addition to neurons, nervous tissues also includes?
neuroglical cells (support neuron activities)
93
epithelial membranes are composed of
epithelial and underlying connective tissue
94
3 types of epithelial membranes are
serous
cutaneous
mucous
95
serous membranes line _____ and secrete ____ fluid
body cavities not open to the exterior, secrete serous
96
mucous membranes line _______ and secrete ____
body passages that open outside of the body, mucus
97
cutaneous membrane is more commonly called what?
the skin
98
what tissues are cell junctions in ?
most epithelia tissue and some muscle/nerve cells
99
what do cell junctions do?
join cells together between cell membranes
100
cells junctions have _____functions in _____ tissues
different functions in different tissues
101
what are the 5 cell junctions ?
```
tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions
```
102
tight junctions function & location
f: fuse cells together tightly to prevent substances passing between cells
l: linings of stomach, intestines, and bladder
103
adherens junctions function & location
f: resist separation of cells when stretched
location: urinary bladder, uterus
104
desmosomes function & location
f: prevent separationg of cells under tension or contraction
l: epidermis, cardiac muscle cells
105
hemidesmosomes function & location
f: attach cells to membranes- not to each other
l: skin cells attached to basement membrane
(cant pull off your arm)
106
gap junctions function & location
f: allows cells to communicate with one another (impulses)
l: nervous system, heart muscle, gastrointestinal tract
107
define tissue repair
process of wound healing
| dead and damaged cells are removed and replaced with new cells of tissues
108
2 types of repair
regeneration & fibrosis
109
define regneration
dead & damaged cells are replaced with cells of same type
(like a paper cut)
110
what tissues typically undergo regeneration?
epithelial, most connective & smooth
| cartilage undergoes fibrosis
111
define fibrosis
fibroblasts fill in gaps left from injury
tissues are not capable of full regeneration
(fibroblasts divide by mitosis, produce collagen which fills in gap & tissues loses some level of functional ability)
112
which tissues generally heal by fibrosis?
cardiac, skeletal muscle and nervous tissue
113
what is the end result of fibrosis?
development of scar tissue composed of dense irregular connective tissue
114
list of factors that affect tissue repair?
nutrition - proteins and vitamin c
blood circulation- transport O2 nutrients
age - faster when younger
115
function of serous membranes?
reduces friction created when organs move within respective membranes
116
membrane type in moveable joints like knee and shoulder
synovial
117
which membrane is the only non-epithelial
synovial, made up of 2 connective tissue layers without a layer of epithelial cells
118
membrane that has perietal and visceral layers
serous
119
membrane adapted for absorption and secretion
mucous membrane
120
which are the wet membranes
mucuous, serous, and synovial
| cutaneous is the dry membrane
121
only membrane with goblet cells?
mucous
122
which epithelial cell can secrete mucus?
Columnar epithelium because of the goblet cells!
123
epithelium of this membrane is always simple squamous
serous
