What are the possible causes of acute pancreatitis?
BAD HITS
Biliary causes--gallstones Alcohol Drugs--esp HIV Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercalcemia Idiopathic Trauma (ERCP) Scorpion Sting
Which drugs can cause hemolytic anemia for patients with G6PD deficiency?
Remember, can’t make NADPH to replenish glutathione to deal with oxidative stress from H2O2 etc.
Spleen Purges Nasty Inclusions From Damaged Cells Sulfonamides Primaquine Nitrofurantoin (antibiotic for UTIs, safe in pregnancy) Isoniazid Fava Beans Dapsone (antibiotic used in leprosy) Chloroquine
Features of Kwashiorkor?
FLAMES
Fatty liver (lack of ApoB100)
Anemia
Malnutrition (protein, not necessarily calories)
Edema (distended belly)
Skin lesions & depigmentation of skin and hair
malnourished kiddo w/ big belly.
Contrast to marasmus: total energy deficiency w/ muscle wasting.
Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity?
3Cs
cardiotoxicity
convulsions–cause hyperpyrexia
coma–see respiratory depression
What are the essential amino acids?
Private PVT TIM HaLL Phenylalanine valine threonine tryptophan isoleucine methionine histidine leucine lysine
Which antihypertensives are safe to use during pregnancy?
Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine Hydralazine alpha-methyldopa labetalol nifedipine (dihydropyridine CCB)
What are the symptoms of pellagra? What causes pellagra?
Pellagra, caused by niacin deficiency (VitB3)
can be from lack of tryptophan–>niacin
Like Hartnup dx, decrease neutral AA transport in kidney
4Ds of pellagra: diarrhea dermatitis dementia death
Which AA show up in the urine of those w/ maple syrup urine dx?
branched AA I Love Vermont Maple Syrup from trees (branched) Isoleucine leucine valine
What are the symptoms of alkaptonuria?
Al Capone in a dark suit
homogentisic acid builds up w/ a dark pigment
dark CT, dark sclera, black urine when exposed to air
The COLA defect for PCT absorption of AA causes cystinuria. Which AA can’t be transported?
cysteine
ornithine
lysine
arginine
What are the effects of lead poisoning?
LEAD
Lead Lines
Encephalopathy and erythrocyte basophilic stippling
Abdominal Colic & Sideroblastic Anemia
Drop: wrist, foot
Vit K is important for which clotting factors?
diSCo started in 1972
Protein C, S
Factors 2, 7, 9, 10
Which things cause eosinophilia?
CANADA P collagen vascular dx atopy, allergy neoplasm addison's dx drugs acute interstitial nephritis
parasites-esp helminthic
What are the meds used to treat Parkinson’s?
BALSA
Bromocriptine (other dopamine agonists, pramipexole)
Amantadine
Levodopa + Carbidopa
Selegiline (decrease dopamine breakdown)
Antimuscarinics (like benztropine, only help w/ tremor)
Which hormones use cAMP messaging?
FLAT ChAMP calculates 2Gs FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH (V2) MSH PTH Calcitonin GHRH Glucagon
What hormones use IP3 messaging?
GOAT HAG GnRH Oxytocin ADH (V1) TRH Histamine (H1) Ang II Gastrin
Which hormones use receptor associated tyrosine kinase?
PIGGlET Prolactin Immunomodulators GH G-CSF EPO Thrombopoietin
Which hormones from the ant pit are secreted by basophils?
B-FLAT FSH LH ACTH TSH
Which hormones are secreted by from the ant pit?
FLAT PIG FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin Intermediate lobe-MSH GH
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?
BAM CUSHINGOID
buffalo hump, truncal obesity
amenorrhea
moon facies
crazy ulcers (peptic) skin: striae, easy bruising, acne HTN infection necrosis of femoral head glaucoma osteoporosis immunosuppression diabetes
What are the signs of congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism?
6Ps pot-bellied protuberant tongue pale puffy-faced protruding umbilicus poor brain development (ID)
What are the causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis?
MUD PILES
Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Propylene glycol iron tabs, isoniazid lactic acidosis ethylene glycol salicylates
Symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Stones: kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis
Bones: osteoporosis, osteitits fibrosa cystica
Groans: abdominal pain, N/V, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis
Psychiatric OVertones: psychosis, lethargy, depression, coma
Causes of low Magnesium?
Maggie and her DADA diarrhea alcohol diuretics aminoglycosides
What are the possible causes of target cells?
HALT said the hunter to his target Hb C dx Asplenia Liver dix thalassemia
What are EPO-secreting tumors that can cause secondary polycythemia?
Potentially Really High Hct Pheochromocytoma Renal Cell Carcinoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hemangioblastoma
What’s the deal with fetal erythropoiesis?
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood Yolk sac (3-8 wks) Liver (6wks-->birth) Spleen (10-28 weeks) Bone Marrow (18 weeks-->adulthood)
What are the symptoms of TTP?
HUNT For The Toilet Paper Hemolysis uremia neuro symptoms thrombocytopenia Fever TTP
What are some causes of DIC?
STOP Making New Thrombi Sepsis (gram neg) Trauma OB pancreatitis (acute) Malignancies Nephrotic Syndrome Transfusions
What are the live attenuated vaccines?
Live, watch Small Yellow Rotating Chickens get vaccinated by Sabin and MMR. Incredible! LAV SMall pox yellow fever rotavirus VZV Sabin Polio (oral) MMR Influenza (intranasal)
What are the killed vaccines?
RIP Always Creepy Raccoon Rabies virus Influenza (injectable) salk polio Hep A
Naked RNA?
Real Heavy Picture of California was Ruined w/o envelope Reovirus Hepevirus Picornavirus Calicivirus RNA
Naked DNA?
PaPa and Aunt Poly Didn't have an envelope. Papilloma virus Parvovirus Adenovirus Polyoma virus DNA
What are the fecal-oral nematodes?
EAT
enterobius
ascaris
trichinella
What are the sand skin nematodes?
SANd
Strongyloides
Ancylostoma
Necator
What are the conditions that are treated by metronidazole?
GET GAP on the Metro
giardia
entamoeba
trichomonas
gardnerella vaginalis
anaerobic bacteria
h. pylori
Which tumors give mets to the brain?
Lots of Bad Stuff Kill Glia Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI (colon)
Which tumors give mets to the bone?
Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone Prostate (blastic) RCC (lytic) Thyroid (lytic) Lung (mixed) Breast (mixed)
Which tumors give mets to the liver?
Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Liver
Which things secrete EPO?
Potentially Really High Hct Pheochromocytoma RCC Hemangioblastoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma
leiomyomas
Which drugs act on microtubules?
Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly Mebendazoles (anti-helminthic) Griseofulvin (antifungal) Colchicine (antigout) Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxel
What are the X-linked recessive diseases?
Oblivious Females Will Give Her Boys Her x-Linked Disorders ocular albinism fabry dx wiskott-aldrich g6pd deficiency hemophilia A &B Bruton agammaglobulinemia Hunter syndrome Lesch Nyhan Duchenne and Becker MD
What are the microbes that take gram stain well?
Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience Chlamydia Borrelia Rickettsia Trypanosomes Plasmodium
What are the components of the Thayer-Martin agar?
grows Neisseria Very Typically Cultures Neisseria Vancomycin Trimethoprim Colistin Nystatin
What are the aerobes?
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium
What are the anaerobes?
Frankly Can't Breathe Air Fusobacterium Clostridium Bacterioides Actinomyces suscpetible to oxidative damage b/c don't have catalase or superoxide dismutase
What are the obligate intracellular bugs?
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Coxiella (Really Chilly and Cold)
What are the facultative intracellular bugs?
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia
What are the encapsulated bacteria?
Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies E Coli Strep pneumo Pseudomonas Neisseria Klebsiella H. influenza Salmonella group B strep
What are the urease + organisms?
CHuck norrish hates PUNKSS Cryptococcus H. Pylori Proteus Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S. epidermis S. saprophyticus
What are the catalase + organisms?
Cats Need PLACESS to hide Catalase + Nocardia Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. Coli Staph Serratia
What are the criteria for diagnosing rheumatic fever?
S. pyogenes infection \+2 Major or 1 Major & 1 minor criteria Major: JONES Joints-polyarthritis heart-pancarditis nodules-subcu erythema marginatum sydenham chorea
Minor: Arthralgia
Fever
Elevated ESR or CRP
PR interval increased on EKG
What does S. pneumo cause?
Most OPtochin Sensitive Meningitis Otitis Media Pneumonia Sinusitis
What does H. influenza cause?
hEMOPhilus Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis MEdia Pneumonia
What types of infection are caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?
PSEUDDOmonas pneumonia (esp ventilator-associated) Sepsis Otitis Externa (Swimmer's Ear) UTI Drug Use Diabetes Osteomyelitis
Which RNA viruses are neg. stranded?
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication Arenavirus Bunyavirus Paramyxovirus Orthomyxovirus Filovirus Rhabdovirus
What are bad antibiotics to use during pregnancy?
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care of Mom Sulfonamides-kernicterus Aminoglycosides-ototoxicity Clarithromycin-embryotoxic Tetracyclines Ribavirin Griseofulvin Chloramphenicol Metronidazole-1st tri is mutagenic
What are the retroperitoneal structures?
SAD PUCKER Suprarenal gland Aorta and IVC Duodenum 2-4 Pancreas (Except tail) Ureters Colon (ascending and descending) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum (partial)