Lecture 18: Camelid Repro (McNaughten)

Question 0

new world camelids

Answer 0

ex: llama, alpaca, gunaco, vicuna
in the US llamas and alpacas are more inclined to be utilized for breeding, showing, companionship and providers of fiber

Question 1

old world camelids

Answer 1

ex: dromedary camel, Bactrian camels

used for transportation, meat, milk, fuel (fecal pellets), fiber, leather, racing

Question 2

where do new world camelids originate from?

Answer 2

Peru, Bolivia, and Chile

Question 3

what is the leading state in the US for alpaca registration?

Answer 3

Ohio

Question 4

camelid repro is similar to equine in many ways:

Answer 4

• comparable gestation length
• diffuse (micro-cotyledonary) placenta
• ability to breed back early post partum
• rare term twinning

Question 5

differences between camelids and equine:

Answer 5

• induced ovulators
• duration of copulation
• follicular waves
• non-seasonal breeding

Question 6

male =

Answer 6

macho

Question 7

female =

Answer 7

hembra

Question 8

offspring =

Answer 8

cria

Question 9

parturition =

Answer 9

“criation” or “unpacking”

Question 10

sternal recumbency =

Answer 10

“cush” or “kush”

Question 11

describe male prepuce.

Answer 11

triangular and non-pendulous. posterior orientation so they urinate backwards between legs. when sexually stimulation it points forward

Question 12

describe penis

Answer 12

• fibroelastic
• pre-scrotal sigmoid flexure
• has a cartilagenous process with a slight clockwise curvature allowing penetration of the cervix.
• can ejaculate in both uterine horns!

Question 13

which male has a penis the most similar to the camelid?

Answer 13

the boar

Question 14

describe the orientation of the testis

Answer 14

• vertical orientation
• epididymis is small
• tail of epididymis is caudo-dorsal

Question 15

name the accessory sex glands present in the camelid (3). which one is missing?

Answer 15

1. prostate
2. bulbourethral glands
3. small ampulla
   - -> No vesicular glands! <–

Question 16

what 2 things are unique about the camelid uterus?

Answer 16

1. it has a distinct septum with incomplete fusion.

2. they don’t recognize anything in the right horn.

Question 17

what is unique about the camelid cervix?

Answer 17

it has an external os that protrudes into the vestibule. looks like a doughnut.
- has 2 to 3 spiraling ring-like structures

Question 18

how long is the vagina in camelids?

Answer 18

15 - 25cm long

Question 19

describe the mammary glands of the camelid:

Answer 19

• has 4 glandular quarters composed of 2 distinct glands for a total of 8 separate glands total.
• no anastomoses between glands
• separate streak canal providing a distinct separation between left and right halves of the udder.
• independent anterior and posterior quarters - no visible separation

Question 20

describe the separation between left and right halves of hte udder

Answer 20

its a piece of fibroelastic tissue extending from the linea alba and prepubic tendon

Question 21

when do mammary glands develop?

Answer 21

at the end of the first pregnancy

Question 22

how is puberty driven in male camelids?

Answer 22

drive by testosterone. levels are low until about 2 years of age

Question 23

when do females reach puberty?

Answer 23

ovarian activity begins around 10 months can successfully carry creas between 12 to 13 months

Question 24

how often do males undergo spermatogenesis in camelids?

Answer 24

it is a seasonal effect

Question 25

what developmental changes occur in the penis? (2)

Answer 25

1. cartilaginous process develops with age | 2. testosterone influence cause preputial adhesions to disappear by three years

Question 26

what is unique about the camelid estrous cycle?

Answer 26

- there is no true estrous cycle! | - its not repeatable or predictable. there are few or no external signs that are seen in others.

Question 27

Peruvian breeding season is when?

Answer 27

december to march

Question 28

what are the follicular dynamics of the camelid?

Answer 28

there are distinct follicular waves, and follicles become atretic. - they produce antral fluid which contains estradiol

Question 29

male mating behavior consists of:

Answer 29

like med students --> "the chase" and "courting"

Question 30

female breeding behavior when receptive:

Answer 30

submissive. - she will "cush" - females sit down near mating couples

Question 31

female breeding behavior when non-receptive:

Answer 31

they reject the male by: "spitting off," running and screaming

Question 32

how long is copulation typically?

Answer 32

2 - 25 minutes (may take up to 70minutes)

Question 33

describe the type of ejaculation in camelids.

Answer 33

"dribble ejaculators" - once every minute - semen deposited into uterus

Question 34

what type of ovulators are camelids?

Answer 34

induced ovulators

Question 35

what stimulates females to induce ovulation? (3)

Answer 35

1. orgling 2. cervical stimulation. 3. semen contains "ovulation inducing factor" (OIF) which triggers the release of LH.

Question 36

what is ovulation inducing factor?

Answer 36

it is a hormone in semen that stimulates release of LH from female pituitary gland

Question 37

most pregnancies occur in which horn of the camelid?

Answer 37

the left! | the fetus will remain in the left horn, the placenta will be in both.

Question 38

what produces progesterone needed throughout pregnancy?

Answer 38

the CL

Question 39

when does the blastocyst enter the uterus?

Answer 39

day 5 - 6

Question 40

what are the 5 ways to diagnose pregnancy?

Answer 40

1. mating behavior (may yield false positives) 2. plasma progesterone: 21 days post breeding. (also prone to false positives because we rely on a low number) 3. transrectal palpation: > 35 days post breeding if you feel a fluid filled left horn, its highly suggestive of pregnancy. at 5-6 months, fetus is palpable. 4. transrectal ultrasound: 12 - 16 days 5. transabdominal ultrasound: 60 - 90 days

Question 41

what type of placentation do camelids have?

Answer 41

non-deciduate, epitheliochorial, diffuse (microcotyledonary)

Question 42

what is the length of gestation in alpacas and llamas?

Answer 42

335 - 360 days

Question 43

when does parturition occur?

Answer 43

between 6am and 1pm

Question 44

signs of impending parturition?

Answer 44

not really recognizable!

Question 45

Stage 1 of parurition in camelids

Answer 45

may isolate themselves and feel restless. will make frequent attempts to urinate.

Question 46

Stage 2: parturition

Answer 46

average 8 - 25 minutes | - deliver cria while standing

Question 47

Stage 3 of parturition

Answer 47

passes placenta within 2 hours of delivering cria. | if its been more than 24 hours, its considered retained.

Question 48

what is unique about the epidermal membrane in camelids?

Answer 48

it is often still attached to the cria's mucosal membranes at birth. let it fall off on its own!

Question 49

describe the postpartum period in camelids

Answer 49

- will have vulvar discharge present up to one week postpartum - normal lochia thick and pinkish or white - little "mothering" is normal - have rapid return to receptivity

Question 50

how many days postpartum can camelids be receptive to male?

Answer 50

4 days! pre-ovulatory follicle may be present

Question 51

what is the earliest time a camelid can breed postpartum? what are the 3 negatives?

Answer 51

``` less than 15 days. but fertility rates will be variable. there will be: 1. incomplete luteal regression 2. incomplete uterine involution 3. irregular follicle development. ```

Question 52

when is uterine involution complete post partum in camelids?

Answer 52

15 to 20 days