Lecture 1: Into and Overview (Bolsor) Flashcards Preview

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0
Q

which 2 organs have greatest control on extracellular pH? How?

A

lungs via elimination/retention of CO2

kidneys via reabsorption or secretion of H+ or HCO3

1
Q

Main functions of the kidney

A

1) removal of wastes

2) maintaining body fluid/electrolyte/acid-base balance

2
Q

what 3 systems control water balance, extracellular fluid osmolality and blood pressure?

A

CNS, Cardiovascular, and renal

3
Q

where is ADH released?

A

anterior pituitary gland

4
Q

increased venous volume –> ADH secretion?

A

decreases

5
Q

decreased plasma osmolality —> ADH release

A

decreases

6
Q

decreased ADH –> water excretion

A

increases

7
Q

Which is faster in it’s response to pH change: respiratory or renal system?

A

respiratory (but renal is usually needed for full compensation)

8
Q

what hormone controls sodium reabsorption by the kidneys? Where is it released?

A

aldosterone (adrenal gland)

9
Q

how do kidneys regulate blood pressure?

A

via regulation of extracellular water and electrolytes

10
Q

urea

A

a metabolic waste product that is important in the maintenance of the intrarenal medullary concentration gradient

11
Q

renin

A

released in response to reduced NaCl delivery to the macula densa. Catalyzes the formation of angiotensin II in the lungs, which then elicits the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to increase Na reabsorption

12
Q

aldosterone fx in kidneys

A

stimulates sodium reabsorption

13
Q

common markers of renal failure

A

elevated metabolic waste products, such as urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and uric acid

14
Q

erythropoetin

A

renal hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production by bone marrow

15
Q

how are kidneys influential in communication?

A

urine can carry pheromones

16
Q

three renal capillary beds

A

1) glomerular
2) peritubular
3) vasa recta

17
Q

glomerular capillary bed

A
  • specifically for filtration
  • afferent and efferent arterioles within the glomerulus
  • high BP forces solutes out of the blood
18
Q

peritubular capillary bed

A
  • for absorption
  • arises from efferent arterioles that drain the glomerulus
  • operates under low pressure
  • absorbs solutes and water from the tubules
19
Q

vasa recta capillary bed

A
  • long, thin walled looping arterioles that follow the loop of Henle
  • serve juxtamedullary nephrons
20
Q

what receptors detect decreased plasma volume and signal production of ADH?

A

atrial receptors

21
Q

increased renin –> angiotensin II

A

increases

22
Q

increased angiotensin II —> aldosterone

A

increases (see p. 8 diagram in scavma notes)

23
Q

Levels of multiscale systems physiology:

A

subcellular processes –> cellular processes –> tissue –> organ –> whole body –> behavior –> population. Each step influences the next. Physiology influences behavior

24
Q

initiation of hormonal cascade by renin ultimately stimulates which hormone?

A

aldosterone

25
Q

nephron

A

functional subunit of the kidney. Filtrates and reabsorbs arterial plasma components.

26
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

where plasma filtration occurs within a nephron. Always located in the renal cortex

27
Q

how does age effect #/size of nephrons?

A

As you get older, nephrons get fewer in number but larger in size

28
Q

proximal tubule

A

first part of nephron attached to the Bowman’s capsule

29
Q

Flow from arcuate artery to bladder through the nephron (10 steps)

A

arcuate artery –> afferent arterioles –> Bowman’s capsule –> proximal tubule –> loop of Henle –> distal tubule –> collecting duct –> renal pelvis –> ureters –> bladder

30
Q

What occurs in the afferent arterioles in kidney?

A

small molecules pass across the glomerular capillary epithelium into the Bowman’s capsule

31
Q

when does “fluid” become “filtrate” in the kidney?

A

when it passes into the Bowman’s capsule

32
Q

what happens in loop of Henle?

A

filtrate becomes more concentrated

33
Q

what happens in distal tubule of kidney?

A

sodium and water are removed and returned to the circulation

34
Q

primary site of action of ADH in the kidney

A

collecting ducts. Causes water reabsorption from tubular fluid

35
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

regulates renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Formed when thick ascending limb of loop of Henle loops around to touch the vascular elements supplying the glomerular capillaries.

36
Q

macula densa

A

darkly staining band of cells in the thick ascending limb. Contain sodium sensing mechanisms that allow the kidney to regulate sodium balance by controlling blood flow through the glomerulus

37
Q

long or short loops of Henle more likely to be involved in urinary concentrating mechs?

A

Long

38
Q

3 types of cells in collecting ducts

A

1) Principal cells
2) Intercalated cells (type A)
3) Intercalated cells (type B)

39
Q

Principal cells

A

present in collecting ducts. Where ADH and aldosterone act to modify salt and H2O balance

40
Q

Type A intercalated cells

A

A stands for acid. Eliminate excess acid in collecting duct in case of acidemia

41
Q

Type B intercalated cells

A

B stands for base. Present in collecting ducts. Secrete base into the urine in case of alkalemia

42
Q

What area of the kidney are glomeruli ALWAYS located in? ***

A

the cortex

43
Q

Which structures of the nephron lie in the medulla?

A

collecting ducts, loop of Henle

44
Q

What structures of nephron lie in the cortex?

A

Glomerulus, proximal/distal tubules, part of the collecting ducts

45
Q

how does fluid osmolality change from outer cortex to inner medulla in the kidney?

A

osmolality increases as you move towards inner medulla. Cortex = isotonic

46
Q

thicker medulla –> ability to concentrate urine

A

increases

47
Q

xeric definition

A

something that needs very little water

48
Q

which groups of animals have loops of Henle in their nephrons?

A

Mammals and birds

49
Q

Which groups of animals have a renal portal system?

A

birds, reptiles, amphibians

50
Q

which groups of animals have a peritubular capillary network?

A

mammals only

51
Q

Which animals have salt glands?

A

birds and reptiles

52
Q

which animal groups excrete uric acid?

A

birds and reptiles

53
Q

Which species use “number of nephrons filtering” to regulate GFR?

A

birds, reptiles, amphibians

54
Q

Which group of animals uses “net filtration pressure” to regulate GFR?

A

mammals

55
Q

fx of salt glands

A

allows animals to excrete excess salt that kidneys alone could not accomplish

56
Q

how do salt glands and kidneys change in size with an increased salt load?

A

salt glands increase in size, kidneys don’t change

57
Q

NaCl concentration in salt glands vs. kidneys

A

salt glands maintain constant NaCl concentration, while NaCl concentration varies in the kidney

58
Q

Composition of outflow in salt glands vs. kidneys

A

Salt glands –> almost exclusively NaCl

kidneys –> NaCl, K, other ions and inorganic solutes

59
Q

which has higher flow rate: salt glands or kidneys?

A

salt glands (2-fold higher)

60
Q

vascular beds (primarily afferent and efferent arterioles) are control elements of circulation in the kidney

A

:)

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