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Human Anatomy > Chapter 1.3 Structural Organization of the body > Flashcards

Chapter 1.3 Structural Organization of the body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

A

1) Atom
2) Molecule
3) Cells
4) Tissue
5) Organ
6) Organ system
7) Organism

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2
Q

The simplest level of organization within the body is

A

The chemical level, which is composed of atoms and molecules

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3
Q

Atoms are

A

The smallest units of matter

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4
Q

Two or more atoms combine to form

A

A molecule

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5
Q

Examples of molecules are

A

Protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin

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6
Q

Large molecules join in specific ways to form

A

Cells

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7
Q

The basic units of structure and function in organisms are

A

Cells

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8
Q

At the cellular level there are specialized

A

Structural and functional units called organelles which permit all living cells to share certain common functions

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9
Q

In the tissue level there are

A

Groups of similar cells with a common function

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10
Q

Tissues are precise

A

Organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions

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11
Q

Name the four types of tissues

A

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

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13
Q

Connective tissue

A

Protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs

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14
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Produces movement

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15
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Conducts impulses for internal communication

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16
Q

At the organ level, different tissue types combine to form what

A

An organ

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17
Q

Give an example of an organ

A

Small intestine, brain, lungs, stomach, or heart

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18
Q

Organs contain

A

Two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific , complex functions

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19
Q

What organ exhibits all four tissue types

A

The small intestine

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20
Q

The organ system level consists of

A

Related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

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21
Q

Give an example of organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

A

Organs in the respiratory system such as the nose, pharynx, and trachea, which all collaborate to clean, warm, humidify, and conduct air from the atmosphere to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs

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22
Q

Name the highest level of structural organization in the body

A

Organism level

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23
Q

In an organism

A

All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being

24
Q

Give an example of the effect that a gene mutation may have on the body

A

Cystic fibrosis

25
When does cystic fibrosis result?
When a defective or abnormal region in a molecule of DNA affects the normal function of cells in certain body organs
26
Abnormal cellular function causes
A corresponding failure in the functioning of the tissues composed of these abnormal cells, resulting in aberrant activity in the organ housing these tissues
27
Organ failure has effects on what
On organ system activities
28
What is the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things, and this is the smallest living portion of the human body
The cell
29
Name the several properties that are common to all organisms, including humans
1) Organization 2) Metabolism 3) Growth and development 4) Responsiveness 5) Adaptation 6) Regulation 7) Reproduction
30
Describe organization
All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order. The human body has several increasingly complex levels of organization
31
Describe metabolism
All organisms carry out various chemical reactions. These chemical reactions include breaking down ingested nutrients into digestible particles , using the cells own energy to perform certain functions, and contracting and relaxing muscles to move the body.
32
Give an example of metabolic activities
Ingesting nutrients and expelling wastes enable the body to continue acquiring the energy needed for life's activities
33
Describe growth and development
During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and exhibit increased size (growth) and increased specialization as related to form and function (development). As the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain become more complex and sophisticated
34
Describe responsiveness
All organisms sense and respond to changes in their internal or external environment
35
Give an example of responsiveness in organisms
A stimulus to the skin of the hand , such as extremely hot or cold temperatures, causes a human to withdraw the hand from the stimulus, so as to prevent injury or damage
36
Describe adaptation
Over a period of time, an organism may alter an anatomic structure, physiologic process, or behavioral trait to increase its expected long-term reproductive success, such as a darkening of skin pigmentation in the equatorial region due to an increase in sun exposure
37
Describe Regulation
Control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment, a state called homeostasis
38
In a constantly changing environment, every organism must be able to maintain what
A "Steady state"
39
Give an example of regulation for organisms
When the body temperature rises, more blood is circulated near the surfaces of our limbs and digits to facilitate heat loss and return to homeostasis
40
Describe reproduction
All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair. An organism produces sex cells (called gametes) that, under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism
41
All organisms must exchange what in order to carry out metabolism
Nutrients, gases, and wastes with their environment
42
Simple organisms exchange substances how
Directly across their surface membranes
43
What is another name for homeostasis
Internal equilibrium
44
How does the human body maintain homeostasis
Through the intricate inter workings of all its organ systems
45
Briefly describe the Integumentary system
Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, and prevents water loss
46
Hair and skin are examples of
Integumentary System
47
Briefly describe the skeletal system
Provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments
48
Briefly describe the muscular system
Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
49
Briefly describe the Nervous system
A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
50
Briefly describe the Endocrine system
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions
51
Briefly describe the cardiovascular system
Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and pick up waste products
52
Briefly describe the Lymphatic system
Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and initiates an immune response when necessary
53
Briefly describe the respiratory system
Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs
54
Briefly describe the digestive system
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
55
Briefly describe the urinary system
Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
56
Briefly describe the male reproductive system
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (e.g. testosterone), transfers sperm to the female
57
Briefly describe the female reproductive system
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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