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Human Anatomy > Exam 2 Part four > Flashcards

Exam 2 Part four Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Resting potential is

A

The imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable nerve cells and their surroundings.

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2
Q

The difference in charge between the interior & exterior of the cell is called

A

Resting membrane potential

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3
Q

For the nerve impulse, what does the resting membrane potential have?

A

The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge

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4
Q

During depolarization what voltage-gated ion channel opens first and second?

A

Na+ gates open before K+ gates

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5
Q

Depolarization occurs because

A

More Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it

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6
Q

True or false: The sodium-potassium pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential

A

True

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7
Q

True or false: The nerve impulse is an electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons

A

True

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8
Q

An action potential occurs when?

A

A neuron is conducting a nerve impulse

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9
Q

The state during which no nerve impulse is being conducted

A

Resting potential

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10
Q

State during which the neuron is actively involved in conducting a nerve impulse

A

Action potential

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11
Q

The resting potential is at?

A

-70mv (millivolts)

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12
Q

The difference in ion displacement and thus the resting potential is largely maintained by a protein channel called the

A

Na+/K+ pump

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13
Q

The Na+/K+ pump is

A

Powered by ATP, it actively pumps Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell

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14
Q

Threshold is

A

The point at which increasing stimuli trigger the start of an afferent nerve impulse

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15
Q

The all-or-nothing for a nerve impulse means that

A

The ion channels are either open or closed; there is no half-way position

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16
Q

Define Depolarization for a nerve impulse

A

Reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated

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17
Q

Active transport for a nerve impulse is

A

When a neuron is at rest a charge difference is maintained between the inside and outside of the cell, this charge difference is produced & maintained largely by active transport using sodium-potassium pumps

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18
Q

What is diffusion of a nerve impulse?

A

When the K+ (potassium) and Na+ (Sodium) diffuse in and out of the neuron during an action potential

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19
Q

Monosynaptic reflex is

A

The simplest of all reflexes. The sensory axons synapse directly on the motor neurons, whose axons project to the effector

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20
Q

Give an example of a monosynaptic reflex

A

The patellar reflex, which physicians use to assess the functioning of the spinal cord

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21
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes have

A

More complex neural pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons within the reflex arc. More prolonged delay.

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22
Q

An example of a polysynaptic reflex is

A

The crossed-extensor reflex, the reflex that supports postural muscle activity when you withdraw your foot from a painful stimulus

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23
Q

Effectors can be

A

1) A muscle, gland, or organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially a nerve impulse
2) A nerve ending that carries impulses to a muscle, gland, or organ and activates muscle contraction or glandular secretion

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24
Q

Receptors are

A

Structures that detect stimuli

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25
Glands are
A cell, a group of cells, or an organ that produces a secretion for use elsewhere in the body or in a body cavity or for elimination from the body
26
Considering "the all-or-none" rule of muscle contraction, how is it that we are able to have smooth & refined body movements?
While the muscle fibers obey all the all-or-none principe, the force and precision of muscle movement can be varied, depending on how many muscle fibers and motor units are activated
27
Muscle fatigue means
That you have exhausted the muscle past the point of it being able to use aerobic respiration
28
Define aerobic
A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy
29
Muscle belly (body) is
Main region that shortens & thickens when it contracts, Creates the Action
30
If a muscle can only contract (shorten in length) explain how it is that we can "push" an object. Give an example
By levers. Olecranon process
31
What is the order of skeletal muscle development?
1) Mesoderm 2) Somite 3) Myotome 4) Muscle
32
Describe the relationship between mesoderm, somites & myotomes in skeletal muscle development
1) Skeletal muscle tissue formation is initiated during the fourth week of development from blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form somites 2) Cells w/in a somite differentiate into 3 distinct regions; one being myotome which gives rise to skeletal muscles
33
How do muscles maintain homeostasis?
They help regulate our body temperature
34
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Also called the autonomic motor. It innervates internal organs & regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands without our control, Also known as the visceral motor system or the involuntary nervous system. Has two further subdivisions; parasympathetic and sympathetic
35
Fight-or-flight response is
A physiological reaction in response to stress, characterized by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, elevation of glucose levels in the blood, and redistribution of blood from the digestive tract to the muscles. These changes are caused by activation of the sympathetic nervous system by epinephrine (adrenaline), which prepares the body to challenge or flee from a perceived threat (Sympathetic nervous system)
36
Gray matter in the brain is
Houses motor neuron & interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons
37
The white matter in the brain is
Derives its color from the myelin in the myelinated axons
38
Rest-and digest responses are
When parasympathetic activity dominates, healing and regeneration occur. The body performs activities like digesting, detoxifying, eliminating, and building immunity
39
What is collateral ganglia?
Any of the sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column, outside the sympathetic chain, close to the viscera and arteries. It is mainly involved in the innervation of abdominal and pelvic viscera.
40
Define mesencephalon
The midbrain. Only primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle
41
Define telencephalon
Arises from the prosencephalon & eventually forms the cerebrum
42
What is diencephalon
Arises from the prosencephalon & eventually forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, & epithalamus
43
The rhombencephalon is
The hindbrain
44
The prosencephalon is
The forebrain
45
The metencephalon arises from
The rhombencephalon & eventually forms the pons and cerebellum
46
The myelencephalon derives from
The rhombencephalon & eventually forms the medulla oblongata
47
The cerebrum is the location of
conscious thought processes & the origin of all complex intellectual functions. Identified as two large hemispheres on the superior aspect of the brain
48
Neurulation is
When the neuroectoderm undergoes dramatic changes to form nervous tissue structures
49
What is the primary germ layer derivative of neurons: brain & spinal cord, Glial cells: brian and spinal cord?
Ectoderm
50
Pons are
A bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem that forms from part of the metencephalon
51
The thalamus refers to
Paired oval masses of gray matter that lie on each side of the third ventricle. Forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
52
The hypothalamus is the
Anteroinferior region of the diencephalon.
53
Peduncles are
Three thick tracts that link the cerebellum with the brainstem
54
The medulla oblongata is
Formed from the myelencephalon. The most inferior part of the brainstem & is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly
55
The central nervous system forms primarily from?
The embryonic neural tube
56
Caudal means
Towards the tail
57
Cephalic means
Relating to the head or the head end of the body. Situated on, in, or near the head. Cephalic is synonymous with cranial, relating to the cranium or head
58
Neural groove is
The gutterlike groove formed in the midline of the embryo's dorsal surface by the progressive elevation of the lateral margins of the neural plate, resulting in the formation of the neural tube. Also called medullary groove
59
Colliculi is
A small protuberance, especially one of two pairs in the roof of the midbrain, involved respectively in vision and hearing
60
Nerve growth factor is
A protein that promotes development of the sensory and sympathetic nervous systems and is required for maintenance of sympathetic neurons
61
A protein that stimulates the growth of sympathetic and sensory nerve cellS
Nerve growth factor
62
Describe neuron repair following damage
.
63
Why do neurons usually not repair in the CNS?
Limited due to several factors 1) Oligodendrocytes do not release a nerve factor, they inhibit axon growth by producing and secreting several growth inhibitory molecules 2) Large numbers of axons crowded within the CNS complicates regrowth activities 3) Astroctyes & connective tissue coverings can form scar tissue that obstructs axon regrowth
64
Neurotransmitter of the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division of the autonomic system
Norepinephrine (NE)
65
Chemical stored at the ends of axons that is responsible for transmission across a synapse
Neurotransmitter
66
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
1) Olfactory 2) Optic 3) Oculomotor 4) Trochlear 5) Trigeminal 6) Abducens 7) Facial 8) Vestibulocochlear 9) Glossopharyngeal 10) Vagus 11) Accessory 12) Hypoglossal
67
The function and sensory/motor function for Olfactory cranial nerve
* Odor detection | * Sensory
68
The function and sensory/motor function for optic cranial nerve
* Sight | * Sensory
69
The function and sensory/motor function for oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves
* Eye muscles | * Motor ?CHECK?
70
Function and sensory/motor function for trigeminal cranial nerve
* Three branches * Face- sensory * Chewing- motor
71
Function and sensory/motor function for facial cranial nerve
* Motor to face | * Sensory from tongue
72
Function and sensory/motor function for vestibulocochlear cranial nerve
* Hearing and balance | * Sensory
73
Function and sensory/motor function for glossopharyngeal cranial nerve
Both Tongue-sensory Throat-motor
74
Function and sensory/motor function for vagus cranial nerve
Both Visceral- sensory Throat- motor
75
Function and sensory/motor function for accessory cranial nerve
* Neck and upper back | * Motor
76
Function and sensory/motor function for hypoglossal cranial nerve
* Tongue | * Motor
77
Threshold level is
At the base of the hillock, or trigger zone, the stimulus must reach a specific threshold level in order to generate an action potential. At the threshold, a positive feedback look of Na+ influx will initiate
78
A damaged axon can regenerate if
At least some neurilemma remains
79
PNS axon regeneration depends upon 3 factors
1) Amount of damage 2) Neurolemmocyte secretion of nerve growth factors to stimulate outgrowth of severed axons 3) The distance between the site of the damaged axon and the effector organ
80
How do neurolemmocytes help repair a damaged axon?
Through a regeneration process called Wallerian degeneration
81
Cerebellum is
A large portion of the brain, serving to coordinate voluntary movements, posture, and balance. in back of and below the cerebrum and consists of two lateral lobes and a central lobe
82
Where are ganglia and nuclei located?
In the central nervous system, a collection of neuron cell bodies is called a nucleus. In the peripheral nervous system, a collection of neuron cell bodies is called a ganglion
83
What does ganglia contain?
Mass of nerve tissue; a group of nerve cell bodies, especially nerve cells external to the brain or spinal cord
84
What does nuclei contain?
A mass of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord in which nerve fibers form connections
85
Gray matter in the spinal cord is dominated by
The dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and unmyelinated axons
86
White matter in the spinal cord is composed of
Primarily myelinated axons
87
Where is gray matter in the spinal cord located?
Centrally located, it resembles a letter H or a butterfly
88
The gray matter in the spinal cord may be subdivided into
Anterior horns, lateral horns, posterior horns, and the gray commissure
89
Gray Commissure is
A horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow central canal. Contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter
90
White commissure is
A narrow band of white matter that crosses the midline of the spinal cord posterior to the central canal and posterior gray commissure
91
Gray matter and white matter in the brain
(Gray on outside, white in middle * Gray matter: houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons * White matter: Derives its color from myelin in the myelinated axons. Lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex. Within masses of white matter, the brain contains clusters of gray matter (cerebral nuclei)
92
What is ganglionic neuron?
autonomic motor neuron that has its body in a peripheral ganglion and projects its (postganglionic) axon to an effector
93
Ganglion Of Sympathetic Trunk are
Clusters of postsynaptic neurons located at intervals along the sympathetic trunks, including the superior cervical, middle cervical, and cervicothoracic ganglion, the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral ganglia, and the ganglion impar
94
Thoracolumbar is
Pertaining to thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
95
Cranial-sacral is
A therapy that uses gentle manual pressure applied to the skull, spine, and membranes to restore rhythmic flow to the craniosacral system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and surrounding membranes.
96
Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons
Postganglionic fibers are long and unmyelinated.
97
Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
Preganglionic fibers are short and myelinated.
98
Overview of parasympathetic pathways
Preganglionic axons from the brain & spinal cord innervate the viscera in the head, neck and trunk
99
Overview of the sympathetic pathways
The right sympathetic
100
Ganglia in sympathetic is
Closer to CNS
101
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
Preganglionic fibers are long and myelinated.
102
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
Postganglionic fibers are short and not myelinated
103
Ganglion in parasympathetic is
Closer to organs

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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