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Muscle lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

What does muscle mean?

A

Little mouse

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2
Q

Functions of muscle

A
  • Movement of bones
  • Movement of fluids
  • Constriction/dilation of tubes
  • Heat generators
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3
Q

Muscles can only…

A

Contract, shorten in length, and pull

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4
Q

Muscles can NOT…

A

Push

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5
Q

Name the 3 body movements

A

1) Prime movers (action)
2) Antagonists (opposite of prime movers)
3) Synergists (work with prime movers)

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6
Q

Examples of the 3 body movements when we flex the forearm

A

1) Prime mover- biceps brachii
2) Antagonists- triceps brachii
3) Synergists- brachialis

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7
Q

How do we “push” if muscles only pull?

A

By levers for example olecranon process

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8
Q

What kind of tissue are tendons?

A

Dense regular connective tissue, they attach muscle to bone or another muscle

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9
Q

Aponeurosis are

A

Tendons that form thin, tough flattened sheets

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10
Q

Origin is an

A

Attachment that is more proximal or more stationary

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11
Q

Insertion is an

A

Attachment that is more distal or more mobile

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12
Q

Belly is

A

Body, main region that shortens & thickens when it contracts. Creates the action

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13
Q

What are the different muscle shapes

A

1) Circular muscles
2) Parallel muscles
3) Convergent muscles
4) Pennate muscles

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14
Q

The fascicles in a parallel muscle

A

Run parallel to its long axis. They run side by side

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15
Q

The fibers in a pennate muscle

A

Are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon. The fibers come off the sides of the tendon.

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16
Q

What are the different types of pennate muscles

A

1) Unipennate: All muscle fibers on the same side of the tendon
2) Bipennate: Muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon
3) Multipennate: Tendon branches within the muscle

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17
Q

Name example for Unipennate, bipennate, & multipennate muscles

A

1) Unipennate: Extensor digitorum
2) Bipennate: Rectus femoris
3) Multipennate: Deltoid

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18
Q

Convergent fibers are

A

Over a wide area but come together in a common tendon (pectoralis major)

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19
Q

Circular muscle fibers are

A

The sphincter fibers are concentric around a body opening (orbicularis oris)

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20
Q

Name the types of muscle

A

1) Skeletal
2) Cardiac
3) Smooth

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21
Q

Smooth muscles are

A

Muscles of the organs and blood vessels. Unicleate, tapered ends, non-striated, involuntary

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22
Q

Cardia muscle is

A

The heart muscle. 1-2 nuclei, branched, intercalated discs, striated, involuntary

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23
Q

Skeletal muscle is

A

Muscles attached to the bones, multinucleate, peripheral nuclei, striated, voluntary

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24
Q

Myology=

A

Study of muslces

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25
Muscle comes from
Mesoderm
26
Some mesoderm differentiate into
Somites which in turn differentiate into myotomes
27
How does a muscle come about?
Mesoderm>Somite>Myotome>Muscle
28
Myotomes form
Skeletal muscles
29
Epimysium surrounds
The entire muscle
30
Perimysium surrounds
Bundles (fascicles)
31
Endomysium surrounds
Muscle fiber. Satellite cells are scattered here & there
32
Satellite cells help repair
Tissue damage
33
Sarcomere is a
Contractile unit
34
Sarco means
Flesh
35
Sarcophage is a
Flesh eater
36
Sarcophagidae flies eat
Flesh, or at least their maggots do
37
The plasma membrane in a muscle cell is
Sarcolemma
38
The transverse (T) tubules are
Deep, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma
39
The ER endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell is
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
40
The "canal" ends of SR are
Terminal cisternae
41
One T tubule plus 2 lateral terminal cisternae=
Triad
42
What are important for the conduction of impulse to stimulate muscle contraction?
* Sarcolemma * Transverse (T) tubules * Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) * Terminal cisternae * Triad
43
T-tubules carry
Nerve impulses from the surface sarcolemma deep into the sarcoplasm.
44
Terminal cisternae are
Smooth ER: Stores Ca++ until released when a nerve impulse arrives
45
Neuron impulse travels to the muscle cell membrane=
Neuromuscular junction (motor end plate or synaptic knob)
46
Synaptic vesicles contain
Acetylcholine (ACh)
47
When a nerve impulse reaches the motor end plate what happens?
It releases Ach which crosses the synaptic cleft & binds to Ach receptors on the sarcolemma
48
The action potential (nerve impulse) continues (now on the muscle cell) across the entire sarcolemma and...
Down the triads
49
What releases stored Ca++ onto the muscle proteins?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
50
Muscle proteins are called?
Myofilaments
51
What are the two types of muscle proteins myofilaments?
Thick and thin. 1) Myosin- thick filaments. A swivel headed protein chain. 2) Actin tropomyosin troponin (proteins)- thin filaments. Double strands of actin plus strands of tropomyosin that cover the active binding sites on each actin
52
Troponin protein holds what in place?
Tropomyosin
53
What are the different banding patterns?
A bands I bands Z line H zone
54
A bands are
(dark) includes H zone, M | line & zone of (thin & thick filament) overlap
55
I bands are
(light); the region between the A band | & Z line containing primarily thin filaments
56
Z line functions as
The connecting framework for the thin filaments and defines the borders of the sarcomere (from Z line to Z line)
57
The H zone
or H band, is also lighter since it has thick filaments only & the M line running down the center
58
Banding: “dark” has an “A” in the word, Thus “A” band is....
Dark
59
Banding: “light” has an “I” in the word, Thus “I” band is
Light
60
Banding: “Z” is at the end of the alphabet | Thus “Z” marks the...
End of the sacromere
61
Banding: “H” and “M” are in the middle of the alphabet, thus
They are in the middle of the sacromere
62
The current model for muscle contraction is called?
Sliding filament theory
63
In relaxed muscle tropomyosin blocks the...
actin binding sites, preventing myosin cross-bridges
64
When Ca++ is released, it binds to troponin causing it to...
Shift the position of tropomyosin, opening actin binding sites for myosin heads to form cross-bridges
65
Cross bridge results in a power stroke due to potential energy stored in the myosin head. ATP energy is required to...
Detach the cross-bridge and reload the head
66
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) In the synaptic cleft breaks down...
ACh. The action potential ceases
67
The sarcoplasmic reticulum reabsorbs | 
Ca++ via active transport

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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