Lecture Reproductive System Flashcards by Chantelle Smith

What hormone is produced by the kidney that has an effect on RBC production?

Erythropoietin

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What does Retroperitoneal mean?

Behind the peritoneal cavity

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What is the layer of fat that cushions the kidney?

Adipose capsule

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Difference between peritubular and vasa recta?

Location– “tubular”- tubules, vasa recta- loop

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What vessel/structure is between the afferent and efferent arterioles?

Glomerulus

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Anything that enters the space of the glomerular capsule is called _____?

Filtrate

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Where do you find Podocytes?

Wrapped around the glomerular capillaries

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What are the two kinds of dialysis?

Hemodialysis & Peritoneal dialysis

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What is the floor of the bladder w/out rugae called?

Trigone

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When are homologous pairs important?

During meiosis

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mitosis v. meiosis
• Amount of chromosomal material at end?
• Type of cells produced?
• Number of divisions?

Chromosomal amount at end-46 v 23
Cells– Body cells v sex cells (gametes)
Divisions-1v2

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What are chromosomes made of?

DNA

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When does the DNA replicate?

Interphase before division

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Why have meiosis?

Cut chromosome # in 1⁄2 for fertilization

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How many cells are produced in meiosis?

Usually = 4, but depends on whether male or female in humans

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Development is not determined until

6 weeks or later

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Homologous structures

Female Male

1) Labia majora 1) Scrotum
2) Labia minora 2) Penis shaft
3) Clitoris 3) Glans penis
4) Ovary 4) Testis

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Females

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Males

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TDF gene

Testis-Determining Factor: On Y chromosome triggers secretion of testosterone

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Presence of testosterone in the 7th week leads too?

Male development

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Absence of testosterone leads to

Female development

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Descend by following gubernaculum

Testes

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If testis doesn’t descend =

Cryptorchidism. Should descend by one year.

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A pouch of skin Sperm production is inhibited | by core TB

Scrotum

A skeletal muscle which tenses the scrotum & brings testis closer to the body for temperature regulation

Cremaster muscle

; extends into septa and divides the dense fibrous layer testis into lobules.

Tunica albuginea

Covers tunica albuginea parietal & a visceral layer); these serous membranes reduce friction between surfaces

Tunica vaginalis

Meiosis (spermatogenesis)

Seminiferous tubules

Between the seminiferous tubules • Do not produce sperm • Produce testosterone

Interstitial Cells

Drain into a maze of passageways called the rete testis

Seminiferous tubules |

Efferent ductules join rete testis to epididymus, 23 feet long, lining is simple columnar epithelium with long cilia

Epididymus

Sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules do not actively swim; they attain functional maturity during 2 weeks spent in the epididymis

Sperm maturation

For the rapid transport of sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Ductus (vas) deferens

Column of fascia, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, connective tissue & ducts that descend with the testes

Spermatic cord

Ascends through the inguinal canal. Weakness here may cause a hernia.

Ductus deferens

Allows for sexual intercourse & contains a portion of the male urethra, three columns of erectile tissue

Penis

Two columns of erectile tissue

Corpora cavernosa

A single column of erectile tissue that surrounds the penile urethra; glans penis at the tip

Corpus spongiosum

Accessory glands produce

95% of semen

Contributes ≈60% of the volume of semen – | mostly prostaglandins & fructose; alkaline pH.

Seminal vesicles

Promote opening of cervix

Prostaglandins

Nourishes sperm

Fructose

High pH counteracts low pH of the?

Vagina

Inferior to the bladder, contributes ~30% of the volume of semen, contains- Seminalplasmin & Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Prostate gland

Antibiotic effect

Seminalplasmin

Helps to liquify semen after ejaculation

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Small; secretes a thick alkaline mucus which neutralizes acids and provides lubrication; contributes ≈5%

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

Stem cell = spermatogonium Meiosis produces four sperm cells = 4 spermatozoa

Spermatogenesis

Occurs in Seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenesis

Takes 4-5 weeks to complete. Takes place within the cytoplasm of large sustentacular cells

Spermatogenesis

Form a spiral around the midpiece of a sperm

Mitochondria

The head of a sperm contains

the nucleus that is densely packed with DNA

Strong enzymes of sperm get concentrated in the

Acrosome cap

Excess cytoplasm is lost resulting in a small cell without energy reserves. Results in?

immature spermatozoa

Produce gametes. Produce estrogen & progesterone

Ovaries

A layer of simple cuboidal epithelium | that covers the ovary is actually the ovary’s visceral peritoneum

Germinal epithelium

The dense connective tissue layer just under the germinal epithelium

Tunica albuginea

The outer layer where the production & | maturation of gametes occurs.

Cortex

The inner layer that carries the blood vessels Blood supply is through the various ovarian ligaments

Medulla

Before birth females have made all the

Gametes they will ever make; mitosis of oogonia (female stem cells) cease

Female gamete stuck in Prophase I

Primary oocyte

7 million 1o oocytes

In uretro

2 million 1o oocytes

At birth

300,000-400,000 1o oocytes

At onset of puberty

In a typical woman’s entire reproductive life, only

400-500 gametes will finish meiosis I to become 2o oocytes

The 1o oocytes remain stuck in prophase 1 until the

Onset of puberty

The hormones of puberty stimulate one (sometimes two)

1o oocyte per month to complete meiosis I. This results in a 2o oocyte & a polar body (with most cytoplasm in the oocyte)

It is NOT an ovum, but a _____ that is ovulated!

2o oocyte

Fusion of sperm with the 2o oocyte stimulates the

Completion of meiosis II ( a second polar body then results)

Ovum exits for a very short time before it becomes a?

Zygote

Also called oviduct or uterine tube; hollow muscular tubes ≈5 in. long

Fallopian tubes

Expanded funnel contains many finger like projections called fimbrae; lined with cilia

Infundibulum

Most of the middle portion of the tube; the | usual site of fertilization

Ampulla

Short segment adjacent to the uterine wall

Isthmus

Development outside the uterus

Ectopic pregnancy

Enter the uterine wall at uterine ostium

Fallopian tube

Weak peristalsis occurs in

smooth muscle in the days around ovulation; oocyte takes 3-4 days to make the trip

In the uterus: The portion of the body superior to the uterine ostia

Fundus

Uterus: The largest main portion

Body

Uterus: Inferior constriction of the body

Isthmus

Uterus: The inferior uterine terminus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina

Cervix

Layers of the uterine wall

1) Perimetrium – an outer, serous layer 2) Myometrium – a thick smooth muscle layer 3) Endometrium – an inner layer of glandular mucosa, thickness varies over the monthly uterine cycle

Pap smear: What cells are sampled? What is it testing for?

Cells sampled- Cervix | Testing for-Uterine cancer

For sexual intercourse, as well as birth canal

Vagina

Nonkeratinized stratified | squamous and rugae

Vagina

The cervix protrudes into the superior end of the vagina, the vaginal recess that surrounds this cervical protrusion is called the?

Fornix

Ovarian cycle

1000’s of primary follicles are present at birth; contain 1o oocytes

How many primary follicles develop?

Many develop (primary 1o oocyte)

How many secondary follicles develop?

Only one develops (primary 1o oocyte)

Secondary (2o) oocyte

Vesicular follicle

Results from a surge of LH from the anterior | pituitary at end of follicular phase (1-14 days); some follicular cells exit ovary also- the corona radiata

Ovulation

Ovarian cycle

Corpus luteum: old follicle fills with blood; becomes an endocrine structure (secreting estrogen & progesterone); turns a yellow color; if no pregnancy it degenerates into corpus albicans, falling hormone levels trigger menses & the end of the luteal phase; if a pregnancy results, HCG from the developing pre-embryo & placenta maintains the corpus luteum thru 3 months

Produces Progesterone and Estrogen to maintain endometrium

Corpus luteum

Continues to produce Progesterone under influence of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Corpus luteum

Placenta eventually produces P & E through birth

Corpus luteum

Uterine glands grow to increase?

Thickness