Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Science is
A
A method of answering questions based upon, observation, evidence and experimentaion
2
Q
Scientific hypothesis is
A
An educated guess based upon previous observations which is testable using the scientific method. A hypothesis is also falsified
3
Q
Scientific theory is
A
A set of hypotheses supported by all the available scientific evidence; explains natural phenomena; has predictive value
4
Q
Scientific law is
A
Description of processes with repeatable, predictable outcomes with no known exceptions
5
Q
Proof is
A
This term should NOT be used in science. It is not possible to prove a theory or law. They can only be supported by the evidence
6
Q
Probability=
A
Most likely, statistically
7
Q
Causation=
A
One event is reason for second even occurring
8
Q
Coincidence=
A
2 or more unrelated events which occur at roughly the same time
9
Q
Scientific method=
A
Method for separating coincidence from causation
10
Q
What is the order for the scientific method?
A
1) Observation
2) Question
3) Hypothesis
4) Experiment
5) Conclusion
6) Publish important conclusion
7) Conclusions gathered together may become a theory
11
Q
William Harvey was
A
An English physician who was the first to describe accurately how blood was pumped around the body by the heart. Also called the father of cardiovascular medicine
12
Q
What are the levels of organization?
A
Chemical level 1) Atom 2) Molecule Cellular Level 3) Cells Tissue Level 4) Tissues Organ Level 5) Organ Organ System Level 6) Organ system Organism Level 7) Organism
13
Q
What are the 12 organ systems
A
1) Integumentary System
2) Skeletal System
3) Muscular System
4) Nervous system
5) Endocrine system
6) Cardiovascular system
7) Lymphatic system
8) Respiratory system
9) Digestive system
10) Urinary system
11) Male reproductive system
12) Female reproductive system
14
Q
What are the organs in the Integumentary system?
A
Organ system consisting of; skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands
15
Q
What does the integumentary system do?
A
Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
16
Q
What are the organs in the skeletal system?
A
Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints
17
Q
What does the skeletal system do?
A
Provides support & protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium & phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments
18
Q
What are the organs for the muscular system?
A
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle. There are 4 major groups: muscles of the lower extremity, the trunk muscles, the muscles of the upper extremity and head-and-neck muscles
19
Q
What does the muscular system do?
A
Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
20
Q
What organs make up the nervous system
A
Brain &spinal cord, principal organs of the nervous system include the eyes, ears, sensory organs of taste and smell and sensory receptors in skin, joints, muscles and other parts of the body
21
Q
What does the nervous system do?
A
A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, & helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
22
Q
What organs make up the endocrine system?
A
Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, testes, ovaries
23
Q
What does the endocrine system do?
A
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body & cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, & reproductive functions
24
Q
What organs make up the cardiovascular system
A
heart, arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, and capillaries.
25
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, & blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, & gases, & pick up waste products
26
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
Capillaries, vessels, nodes, and ducts that collects and transports lymph, which is a clear to slightly yellowish fluid
27
What does the lymphatic system do?
Transports & filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) & initiates an immune response when necessary
28
What are the organs of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity, nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
29
What does the respiratory system do?
Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) between blood & the air in the lungs
30
What are the organs of the digestive system
Oral cavity (mouth), salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
31
What does the digestive system do?
Mechanically & chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, & expels waste products
32
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
33
What does the urinary system do?
Filters the blood & removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, & expels urine from the body
34
What are the organs of the male reproductive system?
1) Ductus deferens
2) Prostate gland
3) Urethra
4) Testes
5) Seminal vesicle
6) Epididymis
7) Penis
8) Scrotum
35
What does the male reproductive system do?
Produces male sex cells (sperm) & male hormones (e.g. testosterone), transfers sperm to the female
36
What are the organs for the female reproductive system?
1) Mammary glands
2) Ovary
3) Uterus
4) Uterine tube
5) Vagina
6) External genitalia (clitoris, labia)
37
What does the female reproductive system do?
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) & female hormones (e.g. estrogen, & progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth & development of embryo & fetus
38
What is the difference between organ and organ system?
An organ is a group of tissues that form a part of an organ system, (i.e. esophagus, stomach, intestines) An organ system is a group of organs with a common purpose. (for example the digestive system has the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and so on)
39
What is cranial
Toward the head
40
Cytology is
Study of cells
41
Responsiveness is
Detect & react to stimuli
42
Inguinal region is
Groin
43
Caudal is
Toward the tail
44
Development is
Structural change in the body
45
Vertebral cavity is
Contains spinal cord
46
Histology is
Study of tissues
47
Mediastinum is
Thoracic cavity
48
Systemic anatomy is
Study of organs of one system
49
Cutting a midsagittal section through the body separates the
Right and left halves of the body
50
Examination of superficial anatomic markings & internal body structures as they relate to the covering skin is called
Surface anatomy
51
Which region corresponds to the forearm?
Antebrachial
52
The state of maintaining a constant internal environment is called
Homeostasis
53
The ____ level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function
Organ
54
Which body cavity is located inferior to the diaphragm & superior to a horizontal line drawn between the superior edges of the hip bones?
Abdominal cavity
55
The term used when referring to a body structure that is below, or at a lower level than, another structure is
Inferior
56
The ____ region is the "front" of the knee.
Patellar
57
The sub discipline of anatomy that examines structures not readily seen by the unaided eye is
Microscopic anatomoy
58
What properties are common to all living things?
1) Organization
2) Metabolism
3) Growth & development
4) Responsiveness
5) Adaptation
6) Regulation
7) Reproduction
59
Describe the body in the anatomic position. Why is the anatomic position used?
An individual stands upright with the feet parallel & flat on the floor. The head is level, the eyes look forward. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward & the thumbs pointing away from the body. By visualizing the body in anatomic position, all observers have a common point of reference when describing & discussing its regions
60
Describe the difference between the directional terms superior & inferior
Superior=closer to the head
| Inferior=closer to the feet
61
List the anatomic term that describes each of the following body regions: forearm, wrist, chest, armpit, thigh, and foot
```
Forearm-Antebrachial
Wrist-Carpal
Chest-Pectoral
Armpit-axillary
Thigh-Femoral
Foot-Pes
```
62
What are the two body cavities within the posterior aspect, & what does each cavity contain?
Cranial cavity (houses the brain) & Vertebral canal (contains the spinal cord)
63
Describe the structure & function of serous membranes in the body
Composed of 2 layers: Parietal layer (lines internal surface of the body wall) & visceral layer (Covers external surface of organs w/in the cavity). Serous fluid's lubricant properties reduce friction & help organs move smoothly against both one another & the body wall
64
The prenatal period is broken down into shorter periods which are
1) The pre-embryonic period
2) The embryonic period
3) The fetal period
65
The pre-embryonic period is?
First 2 weeks of development when the single cell produced by fertilization (zygote) becomes a blastocyst. This period ends when the blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus
66
The embryonic period is?
The 3rd-8th week of development. Active time during which versions of the major organ systems appear in the body, which is now called an embryo
67
The fetal period is
Remaining 30 weeks of development when the organism is called a fetus. The fetus continues to grow, & its organs increase in complexity
68
Embryogenesis is
The developmental processes that occur in the pre-embryonic & embryonic periods
69
Cleavage is
The zygote divides by mitosis to form a multicellular structure called a blastocyst
70
Gastrulation is
The blastocyst cells form three primary germ layers, which are the basic cellular structures from which all body tissues develop
71
Organogenesis is
The three primary germ layers arrange themselves in ways that give rise to all organs in the body
72
Following birth, an individual spends a great portion of his or her life undergoing maturation. During this stage what happens?
The body grows & develops, & the sex organs become mature. The sex organs then begin to produce sex cells, or gametes through a process called gametogenesis
73
Hereditary information is carried on?
Chromosomes
74
Human somatic cells contain how many chromosomes?
23 pairs of chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes & one pair of sex chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes
75
Autosomes contain?
Genetic information for most human characteristics, such as eye color, hair, height, & skin pigmentation
76
A pair of similar autosomes are called?
Homologous chromosomes
77
What determines whether an individual is female or male?
The pair of sex chromosomes; female will have two X chromosomes & males have one X & one Y chromosome
78
How many chromosomes come from your mother & father?
23 each
79
A cell is said to be a diploid if?
It contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
80
Sex cells (either a secondary oocyte or sperm) are?
Haploid because they contain 23 chromosomes ONLY
81
The process of gametogenesis begins with?
Cell division called meiosis
82
Sex cells produced in females are?
Secondary oocyte
83
Sex cells produced in males are?
Sperm
84
Meiosis is
A type of sex cell division that starts off with a diploid parent cell & produces haploid daughter cells
85
The process of oocyte development is
Oogenesis
86
Oogonia is
The parent cells, or stem cells, that produce oocytes. They reside in the ovaries
87
Gastrulation is
Formation of three primary germ layers
88
Neural tube is
Forms the brain & spinal cord
89
Morula
Solid ball of cells during cleavage
90
Blastocyst is
Structure that implants into the uterus
91
A zygote is
Single cell produced by fertiliation
92
Fertilization of the secondary oocyte normally occurs in the?
Uterine tube
93
The beginning of brain & spinal cord formation is termed?
Neurulation
94
Describe the formation of the primary germ layers
Begins with formation of the primitive streak. Cells detach from the epiblast layer & migrate through the primitive streak between the epiblast & hypoblast layers, this is known as invagination. The layer of cells that forms between these two layers becomes the primary germ layer known as mesoderm. Other migrating cells eventually displace the hypoblast & form the endoderm. Cells remaining in the epiblast then form the ectoderm.
95
What is the source of the three primary germ layers?
The epiblast, through the process of gastrulation, is the source of the three primary germ layers, from which all body tissues & organs eventually derive
96
Describe the difference between the embryonic period & the fetal period
Embryonic: 3rd-8th week of development. Active time when versions of major organ systems appear in the body. Now called an embryo.
Fetal: Remaining 30 weeks of development. Organism now called fetus. Fetus continues to grow, & its organs increase in complexity
97
What do Ribosomes do?
Responsible for synthesizing proteins
98
What are lysosomes?
Organelles housing digestive enzymes
99
Peripheral proteins are
NOT embedded in phospholipid bilayer
100
The Golgi apparatus is
An organelle that sorts & packages molecules
101
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
102
Nucleus
Control center; stores genetic information
103
When a cell begins to divide, its chromatin forms?
Chromosomes
104
Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport in that facilitated diffusion?
Expends ATP
105
______ increase the outer surface area of the plasma membrane to increase absorption
Microvilli
106
The major functions of the Golgi apparatus are?
Packaging, sorting, & modification of new molecules
107
Interphase of the cell cycle consists of the following parts
G1, S, G2
108
The organelle that provides most of the ATP needed by all cells is
Mitochondrion
109
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids begin to move apart from each other at the middle of the cell?
Anaphase
110
Describe the three main regions common to all cells,
1) Plasma membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus
111
What is plasma membrane
Sometimes called the cell membrane, forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment
112
Composition of plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol & proteins & some carbohydrates
113
They cytoplasm is
Place of many metabolic processes of the cell; stores nutrients & dissolved solutes
114
composition of cytoplasm
Contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, & inclusions & organelles
115
Composition of nucleus
Surrounded by double membrane nuclear envelope; contains nucleolus & chromatin
116
Fertilization usually take place in?
The widest part of the uterine tube, called the ampulla
117
Do eggs & sperm arise by mitosis or meiosis? Why?
Meiosis because it combines different genes from both parents.
118
What are "embryonic" stem cells and why are they important and controversial?
An embryonic stem cell is a sort of "blank" cell, one that can be programmed to grow into any other type of cell the body needs. When a fetus initially forms, it is merely a bundle of these stem cells, and over the weeks of development they differentiate into specialized cells to form muscles, the nervous system, the circulatory system an all other tissues.
They are controversial because the fact that these cells are taken from developing embryos has led some to argue that it involves the destruction of human life and should be outlawed.
119
What is the chromosome number for gametes?
* In females the sex cell (secondary oocyte) will have 22 autosomes and one X chromosome
* In males the sex cell (sperm) will first divide by mitosis to make an exact copy (primary spermatocyte). The primary spermatocyte undergo meiosis & produce spermatids. Spermatids contain 23 chromosomes only.
* from a single spermatocyte, four new sperm are formed. Two of the sperm have 22 autosomes and one X chromosome, and two have 22 autosomes and one Y chromosome
120
Ectoderm gives rise to
1) Epidermis of skin & epidermal derivatives (hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands)
2) Nervous tissue & sense organs
3) Pituitary gland
4) Adrenal medulla
5) Enamel of teeth
6) Lens of eye
121
Mesoderm gives rise to
1) Dermis of skin
2) Epithelial lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, body cavities, joint cavities
3) Muscle tissue
4) Connective tissue ( including connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage, blood)
5) Adrenal cortex
6) Heart
7) Kidneys & ureters
8) Internal reproductive organs
9) Spleen
122
Endoderm gives rise to
1) Epithelial lining of respiratory tract, GI tract, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, urinary bladder, & urethra
2) Liver (most of)
3) Gallbladder
4) Pancreas
5) Thymus
6) Thyroid gland
7) Parathyroid gland
8) Palatine tonsils (portion of)
123
The endoderm is the
* Innermost layer.
* Responsible for the development of the lining of the stomach and intestines, mucous membranes and other internal organs and linings
124
The mesoderm is the
Center layer wedged between the ectoderm and endoderm.
* Responsible for the development of mesenchyme.
* Mesenchyme is responsible for the development and growth of muscles, bones, blood and other tissues
125
The ectoderm is the
Outermost layer
* Becomes the epidermis or skin, brain and the nervous system.
* gives rise to other external bodily surfaces
