Chapter 1.4 Precise Language of Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Descriptions of any region or body part require an
A
Initial point of reference and the use of directional indicators
2
Q
In the anatomic position
A
An individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body
3
Q
By visualizing the body in anatomic position, all observers have common
A
Point of reference when describing and discussing its regions
4
Q
Anatomists refer to real or imaginary “slices” of the body called
A
Sections or planes
5
Q
The term section implies
A
An actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy
6
Q
The word plane implies
A
An imaginary flat surface passing through the body
7
Q
What are the three major anatomic planes through the body or individual organs are?
A
1) Coronal
2) Transverse
3) Midsagittal planes
8
Q
Describe a coronal plane
A
Also called a frontal plane, it is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
9
Q
When a coronal plane is taken through the trunk, the anterior and the posterior portion contains what
A
The anterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains the back
10
Q
Describe a transverse plane
A
Also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ.
11
Q
For a transverse plane the body or organ is separated into what
A
Both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts, and the relationship of neighboring organs at a particular level is revealed.
12
Q
Computed tomography (CT) scans provide what type of anatomic plane
A
They provide transverse sectional images of the body for study
13
Q
Describe a midsagittal plane
A
Or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves
14
Q
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or right, is termed what
A
A sagittal plane
15
Q
A sagittal plane divides a structure into?
A
Right and left portions that may or may not be equal
16
Q
How many numbers of midsagittal and sagittal planes are there?
A
There is only one midsagittal plane and an infinite number of sagittal planes
17
Q
A midsagittal or sagittal plane is often used to show what
A
Internal body parts, especially in the head and thoracic organs
18
Q
In addition to the 3 major planes (coronal, transverse, and midsagittal planes) there is a minor plane called
A
The oblique plane which passes through the specimen at an angle
19
Q
Interpreting body sections has become important for who
A
Health-care professionals
20
Q
To determine the shape of any object within a section, we must be able to
A
Reconstruct its three-dimensional shape by observing many continuous sections
21
Q
Anterior means
A
In front of; toward the front surface
22
Q
Give an example of anterior for the stomach and spinal cord
A
The stomach is anterior to the spinal cord
23
Q
Posterior means
A
In back of; toward the back surface
24
Q
Give an example of posterior for the heart and sternum
A
The heart is posterior to the sternum
25
Dorsal means
At the back side of the human body
26
Give an example of dorsal for the human body and spinal cord
The spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body
27
Ventral means
At the belly side of the human body
28
Give an example of ventral for the body and the umbilicus (navel, belly button)
The umbilicus is on the ventral side of the body
29
Superior means
Closer to the head
30
Inferior means
Closer to the feet
31
Caudal means
At the rear of the tail end
32
Give an example of caudal for the abdomen and head
The abdomen is caudal to the head
33
Cranial means
At the head end
34
Rostral means
Toward the nose
35
Medial means
Toward the middle of the body
36
Lateral means
Away from the midline of the body
37
Deep means
On the inside, underneath another structure
38
Superficial means
On the outside
39
Proximal means
Closest to point of attachment to trunk
40
Distal means
Furthest from point of attachment to trunk
41
True or false. The elbow is proximal to the hand
True
42
True or false. The wrist is distal to the elbow
True
43
The human body is partitioned into two main regions called
The axial and appendicular regions
44
The axial region includes
The head, neck, and trunk; it forms the main vertical axis of the body
45
What makes up the appendicular region
Our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body's axis and make up the appendicular region
46
Describe the abdominal region
Region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones
47
Describe the antebrachial region
Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
48
Describe the antecubital region
Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region
49
Describe the auricular region
Ear (visible surface structures of the ear and the ear's internal organs)
50
Describe the axillary region
Armpit
51
Describe the brachial region
Arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
52
Describe the Buccal region
Cheek
53
Describe the calcaneal region
Heel of the foot
54
Describe the carpal region
Wrist
55
Describe the cephalic region
Head
56
Describe the cervical region
Neck
57
Describe the coxal region
Hip
58
Describe the cranial region
Skull
59
Describe the crural region
Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)
60
Describe the deltoid region
Shoulder
61
Describe the digital region
Fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)
62
Describe the dorsal region
Back
63
Describe the femoral region
Thigh
64
Describe the fibular region
Lateral aspect of the leg
65
Describe the frontal region
Forehead
66
Describe the gluteal region
Buttock
67
Describe the Hallux region
Great toe
68
Describe the Inguinal region
Groin (sometimes used to indicate just the crease in the junction of the thigh with the trunk)
69
Describe the lumbar region
Relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
70
Describe the Mammary region
Breast
71
Describe the manus region
Hand
72
Describe the mental region
Chin
73
Describe the nasal region
nose
74
Describe the occipital region
Posterior aspect of the head
75
Describe the olecranal region
Posterior of the elbow
76
Describe the oral region
Mouth
77
Describe the orbital region
Eye
78
Describe the palmar region
Palm of the hand
79
describe the patellar region
Kneecap
80
Describe the pelvic region
Pelvis
81
Describe the Perineal region
Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs
82
Describe the per region
Foot
83
Describe the plantar region
Sole of the foot
84
Describe the pollex region
Thumb
85
Describe the popliteal region
Area posterior to the knee
86
The pubic region is
Anterior region of the pelvis
87
The radial region is
Lateral aspect of the forearm
88
The sacral region is
Posterior region between the hip bones
89
The scapular region is
Shoulder blade
90
The sternal region is
Anterior middle region of the thorax
91
The sural region is
The calf (posterior part of the leg)
92
The tarsal region is
Root of the foot
93
The thoracic region is
The chest or thorax
94
The tibial region is
Medial aspect of the leg
95
The ulnar region is
Medial aspect of the forearm
96
The umbilical region is
The navel
97
The vertebral region is
Spinal column
98
Internal organs and organ systems are housed within
Separate enclosed spaces, or cavities
99
Cavities are named according to
The bones that surround them or the organs they contain
100
The axial region is subdivided into two areas
The posterior aspect and the ventral cavity
101
How many cavities does the posterior aspect have
Two enclosed cavities which are the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
102
The cranial cavity is formed by
The cranium (specifically, the neurocranium) and houses the brain
103
The vertebral canal is formed by
The individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
104
The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal of the posterior aspect are two cavities that are encased in
Bone and thus are physically and developmentally different from the ventral cavity
105
The ventral cavity arises from a space called
The coelom that forms during embryonic development
106
The ventral cavity eventually becomes partitioned into
A superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity with the formation of the thoracic diaphragm, a muscular partition that develops between these cavities
107
Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with
Thin serous membranes
108
What are the layers that serous membranes are composed of?
Two layers, a parietal layer that lines the internal surface of the body wall and a visceral layer the covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
109
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane is
A thin serous cavity that is actually a potential space
110
A potential space is capable of becoming
A larger cavity
111
A serous cavity contains a film of what
Serous fluid that is secreted by the cells of the serous membranes
112
Serous fluid has the consistency of
Oil, and serves as a lubricant
113
The median space in the thoracic cavity is called
The mediastinum
114
The mediastinum contains
The heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels
115
Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by
Two layered serous membrane called the pericardium
116
Outermost layer and forms the sac around the heart
Parietal pericardium
117
Forms the hearts external surface
The visceral pericardium
118
The potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia; it contains serous fluid
Pericardial cavity
119
The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the
Lungs, which are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura
120
The outer layer of the serous membrane of the lungs is called
The parietal pleura; it lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
121
Inner layer of the serous membrane
Visceral pleura; it covers the external surface of the lung
122
Narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and visceral layers is called the
Pleural cavity, and is the location of the lubricating serous fluid
123
The abdominopelvic cavity consists of
An abdominal cavity , which is superior to an imaginary line drawn between the superior aspects of the hip bones, and a pelvic cavity that is inferior to this line
124
The abdominal cavity contains most of the organs of
The digestive system, as well as the kidneys and ureters of the urinary system
125
The organs of the pelvic cavity consist of the
Distal part of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and urethra, and the internal reproductive organs
126
Moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
127
Outer layer of serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
The parietal peritoneum
128
Inner layer of the serous membrane, ensheathes the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs
Visceral peritoneum
129
The potential space between serous membrane layers in the abdominopelvic cavity is the
Peritoneal cavity, where the lubricating serous fluid is located
130
In the larger abdominopelvic cavity There are nine compartments called abdominopelvic regions which are delineated by using two transverse planes and two sagittal planes, they are
* Epigastric region
* Umbilical region
* Hypogastric region
* Right and left hypochondria regions
* Right and left lumbar regions
* Right and left iliac regions
131
The epigastric region is
The superior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands
132
The umbilical region is
The middle region in the middle column, typically contains the transverse colon (middle part), part of the small intestine, and the branches of the blood vessels to the lower limbs
133
The hypogastric region is
The inferior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the small intestine, the urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine
134
The right and left hypochondria regions are
The superior regions lateral to the epigastric region. The right hypochondriac region typically contains part of the liver, the gallbladder, and part of the right kidney; the left hypochondriac region typically contains part of the stomach, the spleen, the left colic flexure of the large intestine, and part of the left kidney
135
The right and left lumbar regions are
The middle regions lateral to the umbilical region. The right lumbar region typically contains the ascending colon and the right colic flexure of the large intestine, the superior part of the cecum, the part of the right kidney, and part of the small intestine; the left lumbar region contains the descending colon, part of the left kidney, and part of the small intestine
136
The right and left iliac regions are
The inferior regions lateral to the hypogastric region. The right iliac region typically contains the inferior end of the cecum, the appendix, and part of the small intestine; the left iliac region contains the junction of parts of the colon as well as part of the small intestine
137
What are the four quadrants
Imaginary transverse and midsagittal planes pass through the umbilicus to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into
* right upper quadrant (RUQ)
* left upper quadrant (LUQ)
* right lower quadrant (RLQ)
* left lower quadrant (LLQ)
138
Describe the cranial cavity and is serous membrane present?
Formed by cranium; houses brain. No serous membrane is present
139
Describe the vertebral canal and is serous membrane present?
Formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord. No serous membrane is present
140
Describe mediastinum and is serous membrane present?
Contains the pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels. No serous membrane
141
Describe the pericardial cavity and is serous membrane present?
Contains the heart. The serous membrane present is pericardium
142
Describe the pleural cavity and its serous membrane
Contains the lungs. The serous membrane is pleura
143
Describe the abdominal cavity and the serous membrane
Bordered superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with the abdominal viscera, including stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, ureters. The peritoneum serous membrane is present
144
Describe the pelvic cavity and the serous membrane present
Region located between the hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with the pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder and urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine. The peritoneum serous membrane is present
145
The four areas of the abdominopelvic cavity formed by passing one vertical and one horizontal plane through the umbilicus (navel)
Abdominopelvic quadrants
146
The nine areas in the abdominopelvic cavity formed by two transverse planes and two sagittal planes
Abdominopelvic regions
147
A diagnostic method that involves listening to the sounds produced by various body structures
Auscultation
148
State of equilibrium, or constant internal environment, in the body
Homeostasis
149
Using the hands to detect organs, masses, or infiltration of a body part during a physical examination
Palpation
