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Human Anatomy > Lecture 2 notes > Flashcards

Lecture 2 notes Flashcards

1
Q

With a light microscope you can mostly see 3 things

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) Nucleus (DNA region)
3) Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Types of movement through the plasma membrane

A

Passive movement and Active movement

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3
Q

For passive movement

A
  • Does not require cell energy

- Moves from higher to lower concentration

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4
Q

For active movement

A
  • Uses cell energy (ATP)

- Can move molecules against the gradient

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5
Q

Types of passive movement

A

-Diffusion
-Osmosis
_Facilitated diffusion

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6
Q

Diffusion is

A

Simple movement from hight to low concentration

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7
Q

Osmosis is

A

Movement of water from high to low water concentration

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion is

A

Specific molecules attach to proteins and then diffuse

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9
Q

The nucleus is

A

The control center-houses genetic information (includes nucleolus and chromatin)

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10
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum comes in two ways

A

Rough and Smooth

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11
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of lipids, steroids & few carbohydrates. Stores Ca++

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12
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Presence of ribosomes makes it rough

- Assembly line for proteins

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13
Q

The golgi apparatus

A

The golgi bodies or apparatus puts on the finishing touches, and packages molecules

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14
Q

There are two types of vesicles

A

Secretory and transport vesicles

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15
Q

The lysosomes

A

Arise from the Golgi and carry digestive enzymes to destroy old organelles or pathogens (bacteria or virus)
-suicide organelle

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16
Q

The mitochondria

A
  • Two membranes (outer & a folded inner)
  • Have own DNA & can reproduce
  • Functions as the cells “powerhouse” converting food materials into molecules of ATP
  • ATP is the molecules that supplies energy directly to a cell
  • Mitochondrial DNA comes from our mother not father
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17
Q

Ribosomes, the non-membranous organelles are

A

Responsible for protein synthesis (doesn’t make proteins, just helps).
Could be either stuck on rough ER or free-floating

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18
Q

When a chromosome enters cell division, it has already what and why?

A

Duplicated, so when it condenses you will see two copies. Each copy is called a chromatid, and each “sister” chromatid is attached at the centromere

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19
Q

We know when a cell is entering mitosis by

A

Looking through a microscope and see chromosomes

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20
Q

When chromosomes are condensed they are called

A

Chromatids

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21
Q

The 4 tissues are

A

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

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22
Q

The cell cycle is abbreviated into what

A

IPMAT

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23
Q

Epithelial tissue is classified by layers & shapes which are

A 
Layers
*Simple= one layer of cells
*Stratified= more than one layer of cells
Shapes
*Squamous= Flat shaped cells
*Square or cubed= Cuboidal
*Rectangular= Columnar
24
Q

Simple squamous

A

Lining of blood vessels; lung air sac (alveoli) lining; thin sections kidney tubules

  • very thin & delicate lining; moist
  • allows diffusion of nutrients, gases & wastes
25
Stratified squamous
-Skin epidermis -Keratinized and non-keratinized keratin is a protein that waterproofs & adds protection
26
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Respiratory tract, parts of the male reproductive tract. | *false illusion of being stratified, but it's only one cell layer thick
27
Connective tissue are cells living...?
In a non-living matrix
28
Connective tissue is composed of
- Cells: various types (i.e. osteocytes, mast cells) - Intercellular matrix: protein & carbohydrates - Protein fibers: * Collagen-most common, thick, strong * Elastic-farily rare, thin, can stretch & recoil * Recticular- like collagen but more random
29
Specialized connective tissue
Cartilage: chondrocytes are the living cells; matrix is protein fibers; cartilage is avascular 3 types of cartilage- Elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline
30
Bone
Cell=osteocyte; | Matrix=calcium phosphate + collagen fibers
31
Two types of bones
Spongy and compact bone
32
Compact bone=
Unit=osteon
33
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1) Skeletal muscle 2) Smooth muscle 3) Cardiac muscle
34
Skeletal muscle
- Body muscles - Very large fused muscle cells (many peripheral nuclei) - Striations (bands)
35
Smooth muscle
- Blood vessels; digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive organs - Spindle-shaped cells with single nuclei. No striations
36
Cardiac muscle
- Heart muscle; branched, single nuclei - striations - intercalated discs
37
Two types of nervous tissue
1) Neurons: cells that conduct nerve impulses | 2) Neuroglia: Cells that support neuron function
38
What are the 5 functions of the integumentary system
1) Barrier protection: trauma, chemicals, water loss, pathogens, UV radiation, etc. 2) Sense reception: touch, pressure, pain, temperature 3) Excretion: H2O, electrolytes, some drugs 4) Nutritional: Vitamin D converted to Vit. D3 in skin by UV before liver/kidneys can modify it to active form 5) Homeostasis: Body temp. regulation
39
What are the 3 type of skin layers?
1) Epidermis 2) Dermis 3) Hypodermis
40
Epidermis
(from ectoderm) 4-5 layers of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium  
41
Dermis
(From mesoderm): areolar & dense irregular connective tissue; blood and nerve supply
42
Hypodermis
(from mesoderm): areolar & adipose tissue - also called the subcutaneous layer - adipose connective tissue - allows independent movement of skin from underlying structure - padding - thermal insulation
43
Skin color is
Mainly due to melanin a yellow-brown to black pigment produced, stored & released by melanocytes (found in stratum basale). Melanin absorbs UV radiation
44
Accessory structure: Hair
Provides skull protection, some insulation & delicate touch sensation. * Epidermal structure that has sunk deep into the dermis. * The hair papilla (blood supply) is the only dermal structure * The hair itself is made up of keratin
45
What causes goose bumps?
Small smooth arrector pili muscles cause "goose bumps" & hairs to stand on end when the body is cold or when frightened
46
Glandular secretion for merocrine (eccrine)
Most common; secretory cells release vesicles with product by exocytosis (goblet cells, salivary glands, sweat glands)
47
Glandular secretion for holocrine
Cell death occurs after cells become filled with product and burst; basal cells must continue to undergo cell cycles to replace lysed cells (sebaceous glands)
48
Glandular secretion for Apocrine
Base of cell with nucleus & Golgi apparatus remain intact but the apical end loses some cytoplasm when product pinches off (mammary glands, prostate)
49
What are the 2 kinds of sweat glands?
1) Merocrine (eccrine) | 2) Apocrine
50
The merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands are found
Throughout the body (highest #'s on palms & soles); watery sweat; ducts empty onto free skin surface
51
The apocrine sweat glands are less
Numerous but larger sweat glands are found only in axillae, groin & areolae (nipples). Ducts empty into hair follicles in pubic regions.
52
Sebaceous glands produce
An oily sebum that provides lubrication for hair, moisture of skin & inhibits bacterial growth
53
Modified sweat gland in the ear canal
Ceruminous glands
54
Mammory glands
- Modified "apocrine" sweat gland | - Secretion is apocrine
55
Accessory structure; Nails
Nail grows from the nail root which lies way under the eponychium (cuticle)

Human Anatomy (50 decks)

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