Lap Oral #2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
The Nucleus
A
Serves as the control center of the cell. It contains DNA which indirectly regulates all cell activity. It also contains the nucleolus
2
Q
The nucleolus
A
Contains RNA, also where ribosomes are made
3
Q
The mitochondrion
A
A double membrane organelle with the inner membrane folded to create more surface area. Some look like a bean with a worm inside, especially when they are sliced longitudinally. This organelle converts energy rich molecules into ATP. “Powerhouse” of the cell
4
Q
What is it called when energy rich molecules are converted giving off heat as a byproduct?
A
Metabolism or cellular respiration
5
Q
Mitochondrion are responsible for
A
Most of our metabolism
6
Q
The cell membrane
A
Surrounds the cell & determines what substances can enter & exit the cell
7
Q
The Golgi body
A
Also called Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex. Series of membranes that has several functions:
- Modification: Modifies new proteins destined for lysosomes, secretion, & plasma membrane
- Packaging: Packages enzymes for lysosomes & proteins for secretion
- Sorting: Sorts all materials for lysosomes, secretion, & incorporation into the plasma membrane
8
Q
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A
Serious of membranes. Extends all throughout the cell. There are 2 types of ER, smooth ER, and rough ER
9
Q
Functions of smooth ER (SER)
A
Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates & detoxifies drugs & alcohol
10
Q
the rough ER (RER)
A
Responsible for producing, transporting, & storing proteins to be exported outside the cell, proteins to be incorporated into the plasma membrane, & the enzymes that are housed w/in lysosomes
11
Q
Function of rough ER (RER)
A
Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, & lysosomal enzymes; transports & stores molecules
12
Q
Ribosomes are
A
Small bodies composed of RNA & protein. This is the place where proteins are made in the cell
13
Q
Protein active cells have more
A
Ribosomes
14
Q
Where can ribosomes be found?
A
They can be attached to the ER making it rough or they can be found in the cytoplasm unattached or free thus called “free ribosomes”
15
Q
The two types of ribosomes are
A
Free and fixed, they differ in the place that their proteins end up
16
Q
Free ribosome proteins
A
Stay in the cytosol
17
Q
Fixed ribosome proteins
A
End up outside the cell, in the cell membrane, or inside of a lysosome
18
Q
Lysosome are
A
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They function to break down various cell parts, & can even destroy the entire cell that they are located in. Sometimes referred to as “suicide organelles” because when things go wrong they can destroy their own healthy cells
19
Q
What organelle produces the lysosomes?
A
The Golgi apparatus
20
Q
Centrioles
A
Come in pairs-whole body is called centrosome
21
Q
What do centrioles do?
A
During cell division they migrate to opposite sides of the cell & they produce microtubules that become the spindle apparatus along which chromosomes will move. The centrioles only become important during cell division
22
Q
What produces spindle fibers?
A
Centrioles
23
Q
How do cells make new cells?
A
By a process of cell division called mitosis
24
Q
What are the phases of mitosis?
A
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
25
Interphase
Not a stage of mitosis but part of the cell cycle. Chromosomes are NOT visible, the nuclear membrane is visible. This is the phase in which DNA is replicated
26
Prophase
During prophase the chromosomes first appear (pro means beginning or before) so prophase marks the beginning of actual mitosis, the chromosomes first appear, they are DNA that are the light microscope. There is no particular arrangement of the chromosomes, they are just there
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Metaphase
The chromosomes line up on the middle. The spindle fibers are organized now & the chromosomes are all lined up on the middle of the plane of the cell
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Anaphase
Ana means to split & thats what happens, the chromosome halves, which are called chromatids, pull apart so that they can begin moving towards the opposite sides of the cell
29
Telophase
The chromatids arrive at the opposite sides of the cell, the nuclear envelope begins to reappear
30
The four principle kinds of tissue are
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
31
Epithelial tissues form
The basis of many of the body surfaces, so that often one side of the cell is in contact with the exterior and one side of the cell is in contact with the interior. These cells play roles in absorption, secretion, and protection against foreign substances
32
The 3 different kinds of shapes of Epithelial tissues are
1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) Columnar
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The two layer types epithelial tissue are
Simple=single layer
| Stratified=two or more layers
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Simple squamous epithelium is
A single layer of cells; lines blood vessels, alveoli of the lungs & respiratory pathway
35
What happens at the blood vessels and respiratory pathway and why?
Gases need to be exchanged across the thin membrane and it can only be done with thin cells
36
Stratified squamous epithelium comes
In layers; comes from wall of the vagina & also find it on the surface of your skin. It is in places where the epithelium might come into contact with abrasion, layers on the outside could sloth off, and layers below that would then be the living cells that would add to by mitosis to those cells that are constantly being worn off.
37
Most of the outer cells on the skin are?
Dead cells, they are there to protect the underlying living cells. Because it is in multiple layers it is stratified squamous epithelium
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We can find simple cuboidal epithelium
Some of the small ducts inside of the nephron of the kidney, inside of the glandular tissue
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Simple cuboidal epithelium is fairly common...what isn't fairly common?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?
Inside the duct of the parotid gland
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Simple columnar lines
The digestive tract.
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Simple ciliated columnar epithelium has cilia on the end, the function of the cilia in the oviducts is
To move the egg along from the ovary down towards uterus
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The cilia can move
Mucus or structures
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Fairly rare, two layers of columnar cells
45
Transitional epithelium is
Fairly rare, comes from lining the urinary bladder. Because the bladder will stretch and become stretched out or contract & become wrinkled the transitional epithelium tissue that lines that will change its shape. So you see some cells that look squamous on the surface and other cells that look more cuboidal, they are also in layers
46
Why do we call tissue transitional epithelium?
Because it changes form from one type to another
47
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
At first cells can look like they are stratified because there are two layers or more of the nuclei, however each cell is continuous with the basement membrane out to the surface. This tissue also has cilia & the cells are columnar shaped. Lining of the trachea
48
The epithelial cells are fairly easy to recognize. How?
On one edge there will be tissue & on the other edge there will be an opening of free space. This is because they cover & line structures
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Lines or covers internal & external body surfaces.
- 3 shapes
- Two types of layers
Epithelial tissue
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Delicate, thin-gas exchange
Simple squamous
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Tough, anti-abrasive coverings, rapid mitosis
Stratified squamous
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Absorb & secrete. Found in small tubules
Simple cuboidal
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Change from cuboidal to squamous-line urinary passages
Transitional epithelium
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Absorb & secrete. Found in large tubules
Simple columnar
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In larger respiratory tubes
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
56
How does connective tissue differ from other tissues?
It contains large amounts of intercellular matrix.
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There are a number of types of connective tissue, but all serve at least one of the following purposes...
To bond other tissues together, provide support, provide nourishment, store waste, or repair damaged tissue
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The four different kinds of connective tissue are
- Connective tissue proper
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
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Connective tissues kind of do what?
Connect things, but not all of them are connective.
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Connective tissues are what type of cells?
Living cells that are suspended or embedded within a matrix
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A matrix is
The background material
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Loose connective tissue
In loose connective tissue, living cells, which would be dark dots, are surrounded by a non living matrix
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Why is it called loose connective tissue?
Because it gives a sense of being loose or open or airy
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Adipose tissue are
Fat cells
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Fat cells are a normal and
Necessary part of our cells
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Adipose tissue is easy to recognize because
They are very large open cells, the nucleus is squashed out to the edge because it is filled with lipid material or the fat or oil that you would find inside of those cells
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Dense regular connective tissue: Instead of being irregularly arranged it is
The protein fibers (collagen) are arranged regularly in regular rows. Dense tissue
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Dense irregular connective tissue:
Fibers are NOT parallel to one another, they are irregularly arranged
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
70
Hyaline Cartilage is
Fairly dense, it doesn't move too much.
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How is hyaline cartilage easy to identify?
Because it looks like champagne bubbles going up through the matrix which have unidentified fibers in it
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Fibrocartilage
Doesn't mend very much. Has fibers that are easy to see in the matrix. The fibers are parallel arranged to one another & very dense
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Elastic cartilage have
Elastic fibers, which are little black short wiggly lines that make the cartilage be able to wiggle or stretch
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Bone connective tissue
Have osteocytes (bone cells) that are embedded in a very dense, hard, mineral matrix
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Bone tissue is layered around?
Central Canal
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What are embedded in a very solid matrix?
Osteocytes
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Blood connective tissue: Its matrix is
Liquid, the plasma of the blood.
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There are three types of cells embedded in the liquid matrix of blood connective tissue
1) Erythrocytes
2) Leukocytes
3) Thrombocytes (platelets)
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Common name for Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
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Common name for Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
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Common name for Thrombocytes
Platelets
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Support, protect & connect. Living cells in a non-living matrix
Connective tissue
83
Irregularly arranged fibroblasts & fibers
Loose (Areolar)
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Thin fibers=
Elastin
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Thick fibers=
Collagen
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Fat cells
Adipose
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Osteocytes embedded in a solid mineral matrix
Bone connective tissue
88
Liquid matrix-erythrocytes,leukocytes, & thrombocytes
Blood connective tissue
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Matrix for hyaline cartilage
Clear matrix
90
Matrix for elastic cartilage
Matrix with thin (elastic) fibers
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Matrix for fibrocartilage
Matrix with thick (collagen) fibers
92
Muscle tissue
Contractile tissue. It composes most of the "meat"of the body.
93
There are three types of muscle
- Skeletal-which is striated & voluntary
- Cardiac- which is striated & involuntary
- Smooth-non striated & involuntary
94
Skeletal muscle tissue
Cilindricle looking cells. Very large, nucleus is pushed out to the edge of the cell, & the cells are not branching
95
Cardiac muscle tissue
Parallel fibers that branch. Also very dark structures that are found at the ends of each of the cells called (intercalated discs)
96
We recognize muscle tissue by
Having parallel fibers squared at the ends but also has intercalated discs, & the tissue is branched
97
Smooth muscle tissue are
Long skinny cells that taper at both ends (kinda look like ground worms with pointed ends) a single nucleus in the center of each of the cells
98
Smooth muscle tissue is found
In the organs
99
Many of our internal organs will have
Smooth muscle tissue
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Contractile tissue- Cylindrical cells with evident nuclei
Muscle tissue
101
Large, striated cells with multiple peripheral nuclei
Skeletal
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Small, striated cells with branches & intercalated discs
Cardiac
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Small, non striated cells with tapering ends
Smooth
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Nervous tissue
Found throughout the body. They receive & transmit stimuli by converting the stimulus whether chemical or physical in nature, into a nerve impulse conducted by neurons. Nervous tissue also transmits impulses from the brain to receptor organs in response to stimuli
105
Nervous tissue is composed of
Neurons-conducting cells
| Neuroglial cells- support neurons
106
Neuron is composed of three major parts
1) Dendrites
2) Nerve cell body- central part
3) Axon-conducts message away from the cell body
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Neuroglia cell
Supportive cells, help support the neuron & its function, but they DON'T conduct an impulse themselves
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Conductive cells & supportive cells
Nervous tissue
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Conductive cell with dendrites, nerve cell body & axon
Neuron
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Supportive cells of neurons
Neuroglia
111
Integumentary system includes the
Skin, hair, and nails
112
The epidermis is the
Upper layer
113
The dermis is
Connective tissues, blood, & nerve supply
114
The 3 layers of the skin are
1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
3) Hypodermis
115
They hypodermis is
Marked by adipose tissue
116
The 5 stratums of the epidermis are
1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum Lucidum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Spinosum
5) Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
117
Cells that produce melanin are called
Melanocytes
118
Which layer is mostly dead cells?
Stratum corneum
119
The dermis is divided into two layers
Superficial papillary layer and a deeper reticular layer
120
Recticular layer
Layer of the lower part of the dermis which makes up most of the dermis
121
The hair, nails, and glands are all derived from the
Epidermal layer
122
Which structure is known as the oil gland giving you oily skin?
Sebaceous glands
123
The place where blood and nerves enter the hair is called
The hair papilla
124
What does the arrector pili do?
Causes the hair to stand up
125
Epy=
Above
126
Hypy=
Below
127
Eponychium=
Cuticle
128
Hyponycium=
Region of thickened stratum corneum over which the free nail edge projects
