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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 17 Endocrine Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Endocrine Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

prevents hormones from being broken down by hydrolytic enzymes after entering the blood stream

A

binding proteins

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2
Q

act as chaperones=

A

protect hormone and remain intact and functional when arrive at target

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3
Q

when hormones attach to binding proteins=

A

bound hormones

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4
Q

hormones bind to specific what

A

binding proteins

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5
Q

testosterone binds to

A

testosterone-binding globulin

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6
Q

progesterone bind to

A

progesterone-binding globulin

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7
Q

binding proteins reversible action is

A

detaching at target tissues

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8
Q

when binding proteins are detachs it means

A

free hormones

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9
Q

some binding proteins are always free which means

A

not having specific binding proteins

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10
Q

only free hormones can diffuse through what and bind what

A

capillary walls and bind target tissue

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11
Q

if binding proteins are bound it means it is

A

too bid to diffuse through

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12
Q

bound hormones=

A

reservoir for hormones and if hormone levels decrease, bound hormone releases from binding protein

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13
Q

what are water-soluble hormones

A

LH
TSH
ADH
PTH
insulin
EPI

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14
Q

can water-soluble hormones pass through cell membrane

A

no

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15
Q

what can water-soluble hormones travel easily in

A

the blood

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16
Q

what are lipid-soluble hormones

A

steroids- testosterone, estrogen
thyroid hormones

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17
Q

can lipid-soluble. hormones pass through cell membrane

A

yes

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18
Q

what are two classes of receptors

A

nuclear and membrane-bound

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19
Q

what receptor is bound by lipid-soluble hormones=

A

nuclear receptors

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20
Q

what receptor is bound by water-soluble hormones

A

membrane-bound receptors

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21
Q

lipid soluble hormones are small and nonpolar or large and polar

A

small and nonpolar

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22
Q

where are nucleus receptors usually found

A

in the nucleus
sometimes in cytoplasm

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23
Q

what do nuclear receptors modify

A

gene transcription

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24
Q

what do nuclear receptors stimulate

A

synthesis of new proteins

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25
do nuclear receptors have a rapid effect on target cells
yes
26
what binds to DNA to stimulate protein synthesis
hormone-receptor complex
27
testosterone stimulates protein synthesis->
secondary sexual characteristics
28
are membrane bound receptors small or large
large
29
are membrane bound receptors able to pass through the plasma membrane
no
30
hormone- receptor complex initiates cell response bound by
proteins, amino acid derivatives
31
3 types of membrane-bound receptors
1. ligand-gated ion channels 2. g protein-couple receptors 3. enzymatic receptors
32
what membrane bound receptor is bound by neurotransmitter and open gates to allow Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2 ions through
ligand gated ion channels
33
what is the most common membrane bound receptor
g protein- coupled receptors
34
what membrane bound receptor does extracellular signal to intracellular signal
g protein coupled receptors
35
what activated protein kinase in g protein couple receptors
cAMP
36
what membrane bound receptor is linked to enzymes in target cell
enzymatic receptors
37
examples of enzymatic receptors
Guanylate Cyclase Receptors, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
38
are hormone concentrations stable in the blood stream
yes
39
what kind of hormones are more stable
large/ more complex
40
what varies according to chemical composition
lifespan
41
the amount of time it takes for 50% of circulating hormone to be removed from circulation and excreted, which is again variable timefrime
half life
42
what is a 3 AA hormone that is simple with short half life and degrades quickly in circulation
TRH
43
steroid hormone with longer half life= lipid soluble and takes longer to degrade
cortisol
44
all hormones are destroyed in
circulation or by enzymes at target cell
45
destruction limits the
time of activity
46
what type of hormones have shorter half lives
water soluble
47
water soluble hormones are quickly broken down by
hydrolytic enzymes in the blood
48
once water soluble hormones are broken down what removes the hormone products from the blood
kidneys
49
when else can target cells be destroyed
when they are internalized via endocytosis
50
are parts of the hormones reused to make new proteins
yes
51
so short half life has concentrations that change rapidly in the blood and tend to regulate what
activities with rapid onset and short duration
52
what are three ways to prevent destruction or hormones
1. have carb attached to them 2. modified terminal end 3. binding proteins
53
when you have a carb attached to the hormone what is it now
glycoprotein
54
when a hormone has a modified terminal end this does what
provided protection from protease activity which makes it last longer
55
when a hormone has a binding protein this causes
circulation to last longer than free water-soluble hormones
56
hormones specifically bind to receptor where
at binding site
57
is there specificity in hormones
yes, each are designed to have a specific receptor
58
example of lock and key
thyroid hormone binds to throid receptor not other hormone receptors due to specificity
59
some hormones have what ability in regards to binding
they can bind to a family of receptors similar in structure with different effects
60
do hormones have the same effect on different target areas
no different effects
61
how many targets to epinephrine have
1
62
what does epinephrine stimulate
smooth muscle contraction and smooth muscle relaxation in another
63
receptors have a high what
binding affinity
64
receptors have high binding affinity for what
hormones that bind to them
65
when is small concentration affective
in activation of higher number of receptors
66
does target tissue sensitivity of hormone levels vary
yes
67
how do we optimize target tissue response
increase the number of receptors
68
if there is down regulation of receptors what does this result in
target tissue will be desensitized
69
is nutrients and energy level decreases cell is
unable to respond to hormone
70
what is densensitization
it is where the number or receptors quickly drops after hormonal exposure
71
target cells internalize receptors and
destroys them
72
up-regulation of receptors does what
increase sensitivity
73
increase sensitivity cause increase rate of
receptor synthesis in target cells
74
the increase rate of receptor synthesis in target cells causes
increase in total number of receptor molecules in the cell
75
what are three types of hormonal interactions
1. permissive 2. synergistic 3. antagonistic
76
Hormones help one another, otherwise weaker response by target tissue. Example: TH promotes synthesis of Epinephrine Receptors in the Heart. Need to monitor a Hyperthyroid individual.
permissive
77
2+ synergistic hormones exert effects on target tissue. Increased response compared to 1 hormone only. Example: Reproductive Steroid hormones work with Hypothalamic hormones to lead to Synthesis of Gonad regulating Tropic Hormones (FSH, LH)
synergistic
78
Hormones oppose one another  TIGHT regulation of a specific parameter. Example: PTH & Calcitonin regulating Blood Calcium levels. Also Insulin & Glucagon to control Blood Glucose levels.
antagonistic
79
drugs similar in design to certain hormones compete for
the same receptor
80
if drug binds to receptor and leads to activation it is
agonist
81
the medication in asthma inhalers MIMIC epi which result in
smooth muscle in lung bronchioles to relax
82
medication to prevent stroke are epi antagonist which do what
prevent epinephrine-stimulated platelet aggregation and prevent blood vessel bloackage

Human Structure and Function II (36 decks)

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