Respiratory System part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the respiratory system anatomy?
A
structures responsible for obtaining O2 and removing CO2 from blood
2
Q
what is needed to synthesize ATP
A
oxygen
3
Q
what must be removed from blood to keep pH stable
A
carbon dioxide
4
Q
is CO2 is elevated, what happens to the pH
A
pH in blood is lowered
5
Q
what is part of the upper respiratory tract (4)
A
- external nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
6
Q
what is part of the lower respiratory system? (3)
A
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
7
Q
what is part of the respiratory system physiology?
A
maintaining homeostasis
8
Q
what does the respiratory system physiology consist of
A
breathing and gas exchange
9
Q
breathing=
A
pulmonary ventilation
10
Q
what is breathing
A
act of moving air into and out of the lungs
11
Q
what is the conducting zone?
A
structures from nose to smallest air tubes within the lungs
12
Q
what is gas exchange?
A
diffusion of gases across membranes
13
Q
where is the respiratory zone
A
within the lungs only
14
Q
what is pulmonary gas exchange
A
it is movement of gases between atmospheric air in lungs and blood
15
Q
what is tissue gas exchange
A
movement of gases between blood and body cells
16
Q
what are the five processes responsible for proving oxygen and removing CO2
A
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiratin
- gas transport
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration
17
Q
what is the act on moving air into and out of the lungs
A
pulmonary ventilation
18
Q
what is the diffusioin of gases in lung between alveoli and capillaries
A
external respiratioin
19
Q
what is in the blood and moves gases
A
gas transport
20
Q
what is gas exchange in tissues with oxygen out and CO2 into blood
A
internal respiration
21
Q
what is the process by which cells derive energy from glucose
A
cellular respiration
22
Q
what do chemical reactions involve
A
glucose and oxygen as inputs and produces CO2, H2O and energy as outputs
23
Q
what are five functions of respiratory system?
A
- regulation of blood pH
- production of chemical mediators
- voice production
- olfaction
- protection
24
Q
changes in blood CO2 does causes what
A
change in blood pH
25
what do lungs produce to be a chemical mediator
angiotensin converting enzyme
26
chemical mediators have a role in regulating what?
BP
27
how do chemical messengers regulate BP
via renin angiotensin system which converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
28
how does voice production work?
It produces sound/speech via vocal folds
29
sense of smell. odor molecules trapped in mucosa of nasal cavity
olfaction
30
what does respiratory system protect against
MO entry into body and remove from respiratory surfaces
31
what is the primary role in respiratory system
gas exchange
32
what is the external nose made of
hyaline cartilage
33
what is the bridge of the nose
it combines with frontal and maxillary bones and glasses sit here
34
what happens in the nasal cavity
air enters respiratory system here
35
what is the vestibule if the nose
stratified squamous lines
36
where is the hard palate
floor of nasal cavity
37
soft palate goes to
uvula
38
what has bony ridges
nasal conchae
39
what do turbines do
increase surface area, rapid warming and humidification of air (in passage to lungs)
40
what does the nasal septum consist of
cartilage, vomer, and perpendicular plate
41
what does the nasal septum separate
2 nostril
42
if the nasal septim deviates to one side it causes what?
snoring
43
what are air filled extensions of nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
44
four structures of the paranasal sinus?
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
45
paranasal sinus plays a role in what?
speech resonance
46
what does the paranasal sinus lighten and warm and humidify air?
skull
47
what is the passageway for tear drainage?
nasolacrimal duct
48
what are five functions of the nasal cavity?
1. passageway for air
2. cleans air
3. warms and humidifies air
4. contains olfactory epithelium
5. voice resonance
49
how does the nasal cavity clean air
it traps dust via cilliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium/ goblet cells
50
when mucus goes into the pharynx what happens
it was swallowed and eliminated by acidity of stomach
51
speech and quality of sound is controlled by
voice resonance
52
what is a sinus infection called
sinusitis
53
sinus mucous membranes/ paranasal sinuses=
inflammation
54
in sinusitis excess mucus production, blocks sinus opening causes ->
bacterial infection
55
sinusitis is due to what?
polyps or allergies, virus, fungal infection
56
symptoms of sinusitis
pain or pressure in sinuses
stuffy nose
runny nose with green/yellow discharge
postnasal drip
pain
tender and swollen around eyes
change in small
fatigue
fever
headache
mouth breathing
bad breath
teeth
ear pain
cough
57
acute sinusitis is how long
2-4 weeks
58
chronic sinusitis is how long
>12 plus weeks
59
recurrent sinusitis happens how often
recures >4X/ year
60
what is the treatment for sinusitis
pain relievers
antibiotics
decongestants
corticosteroids
hydration
steam inhalation (drain)
61
whats a passageway for respiratory and digestive systems. air, food and drink pass through here
pharynx
62
respiratory-> ______,_______->_________
larynx, digestive-> esophagus
63
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
64
what region of the pharynx is the upper portion, posterior to nasal cavity
nasopharynx
65
whats superior to soft palate->
uvula
66
what does the soft palate prevent
swallowed food to go into nasopharynx and nasal cavity
67
what allows connection to the middle ear
pharyngotympanic tubes
68
what region of the pharynx is in the posterior to mouth, begins at soft palate
orophaynx
69
what defend against infection in the oropharynx
tonsils
70
what is posterior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
71
what is the voice box
larynx
72
what is the larynx anterior to
laryngopharynx
73
how many cartilages does the larynx have
9
74
what are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx
arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
75
what are 3 unpaired cartilages
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
76
the adam's apple is prominent on what?
thyroid
77
what is the epiglottis made of
elastic cartilage
78
what controls speech and swallowing
larynx
79
vocal folds=
true vocal cords
80
what is the opening of the vocal cord called
glottis
81
infllammation of vocal folds and hoarseness occurs
laryngitis
82
2 skeletal muscles in the larynx are
intrinsic and extrinsic
83
intrinsic skeletal muscles do what?
attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilage
84
whats an intrinsic movement of the larynx
open and close glottis
85
extrinsic skeletal muscles include
sternohyoid and sternothyroid
86
what do the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles do
elevate larynx when swallow
87
what are the four main functions of the larynx
1. maintain open passageway for air movements
2. prevents swallowed food from into larynx and lower respiratory tract
3. produces sound for speech
4. protects lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
88
as air moves through vocal cords what happens
vibration and produce sound
89
what does the fore of air determine
amplitude of vibration and how loud the sound is
90
frequency of vibrations determine what
pitch
91
high frequency vibrations=
high pitch sounds
92
what is the windpipe
trachea
93
what does the trachea allow
air to flow into lungs
94
what is the trachea reinforced with?
C shaped tracheal rings of hyaline cartilage
95
what do the tracheal rings do
support trachea and prevent collapse, allowing open air passageway
96
what muscle narrows trachea diameter by contracting
trachealis muscle
97
the trachealis muscle aids in what
cough aid
98
what allows air to move more forcefully through the trachea, expelling mucus and foreign objects during coughing
trachealis muscle
99
what lines the trachea
mucous membrane
100
what produces mucus
goblet cells
101
the mucus membrane of the trachea traps what
dust and bacteria in cilia
102
long term irritation in smokers causes ->
moist stratified squamous epithelium
103
in long term smokers what is lacking
they lack cilia and goblet cells and they are unable to function normally
104
what is a division off inferior trachea
bronchi
105
what goes into each lung
primary or main bronchi
106
the secondary or lobar bronchi goes into what?
3 lobes (3 right, 2 left)
107
the tertiary or segmental bronchi go into what
bronchopulmonary segments
108
bronchopulomary segments are smaller which means
there is less cartilage and more smooth muscle
109
what are bronchioles
continued branching
110
terminal bronchioles have no what in their walls
cartilage
111
terminal bronchioles have no cartilage in walls which means
only smooth muscle
112
respiratory bronchioles form what
smaller branches
113
what are the "hallways"
alveolar ducts
114
what do the alveolar ducts go to
alveolar sacs
115
what are small air filled sacs where air and blood exchange gases
alveoli
116
what forms in the lungs
alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries
117
what is the site of pulmonary gas exchange
the respiratory membrane
118
type I pneumocytes=
simple squamous
119
what happens in type I pneumocytes=
gas exchange
120
what kind of cells are type II pneumocytes
cuboidal cells
121
what happens in type II pneumocytes
produce surfactant
122
whats the primary organ of gas exchange
lungs
123
what is at the base of the lungs
diaphragm
124
where is the apex of the lungs
above the clavicle
125
what lung is larger right or left
right has 3 lobes
126
what is the indentation on medial surface of lung
hilum
127
where are the lungs contained
thoracic cavity
128
each pleural cavity contains what
1 lung
129
what are pleural cavities lined with
serous membrane
130
what separates the 2 pleural cavities
mediastinum
131
the serous membrane fold as what
double membrane
132
what are the two membranes the serous layer folds in to
parietal and visceral
