final: reproduction Flashcards
(314 cards)
1
Q
what are the four functions of the reproductive system
A
- gametogenesis
- fertilization
- development and nourishment of fetus
- reproductive hormone production
2
Q
gametogenesis for males
A
male gonads- testes- sperm
3
Q
gametogensis for females
A
female gonads- ovaries- egg production
4
Q
what is fertilization
A
male delivery of sperm into female via sexual intercouse, then fert of oocyte by sperm
5
Q
female reproductive system provides for fetus until birth and then provides
A
nourishment with milk
6
Q
action of GnRH
A
LH and FSH release
7
Q
FSH action
A
female: follicle dev
male: sperm prod.
8
Q
LH action
A
female: ovulation
male: test prod
9
Q
Estrogen action
A
endometrial growth and breast dev
10
Q
progesterone action
A
uterus dev
11
Q
testosterone action
A
virilization and anabolism
12
Q
hCG action
A
maintain corpus luteum and endometrium
13
Q
prolactin action
A
milk production
14
Q
oxytocin actin
A
labor contractions
bonding
milk release-lactation
15
Q
primary sex organs for female and male
A
female- ovaries
males- testes
16
Q
erectile tissue for females and males
A
female- clit
male- penis
17
Q
protective enclosure for female and male
A
female- labia majora
male- scrotum
18
Q
fluid secretion for male and female
A
male- cowpers
female- bartholin
19
Q
secondary sex characteristic differences male and female
A
male- chest, deepn voice, facial hair
female- breast dev
20
Q
what is meiosis
A
type of cell division that produces gametes only in testes and ovaries
21
Q
is meiosis haploid or diploid
A
haploid
22
Q
meiosis forms how many haploid and what does it make
A
4 haploid cells and makes genetic variability
23
Q
what is mitosis
A
type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells
24
Q
is mitosis haploid or diploid
A
diploid- 1 from mom 1 from dad
25
mitosis forms 2 identical
diploid cells
26
how many days does it take for sperm to be produced
74 days
27
how many sperm are made per day
200-300 millionn
28
what are two cell types
germ and sertoli
29
what does germ cells do
form sperm
30
what do sertoli cells do
prevent against immune response because it will destroy haploid as it would identify then as non-self
31
how many eggs are ovulated through the years
400-500
32
ovaries are inactive until
puberty
33
eggs are released
monthly
34
meiosis 1 completion?
by 1 primary oocyte per month with LH surge
35
meiosis II completion?
only if fertilization occurs
36
sac of skin outside the abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
scrotum
37
what does the scrotum contain
2 testes, spasrse hair, 2 muscles
38
what two muscles are in scrotum
dartos and cremasteric
39
what does the dartos muscle do
smooth muscle in superficial fascia, wrinkles the scrotal skin
40
what does the cremasteric muscle do
skeletal muscle bands that arise from internal oblique, elevates the testes
41
spermatogenesis inhibition at normal body temp so we need to keep testes where
exterior to pelvic cavity
42
what happens to testes in the cold
muscles contract and bring testes closer to the body, scrotal skin wrinkles, decreasing surface area and increase thickness to reduce heat loss
43
what happens to scrotum when it is warm
hangs lower from body
44
what does the pampiniform complex do
uses counter-current heat exchange to transfer heart from vein to artery and maintain lower testicular temps
45
what is the cremasteric reflex
elevates ipsilateral testies on scratching upper medial thigh, also moves testis up w the exposure to colder temps
46
does the cremasteric reflex test for
L1-L2 genitofemoral nerve
47
when is the cremasteric reflex absent
in testicular torsion
48
testes are mixed-function organs meaning
spermatogenesis and endocrine
49
what are two coverings of the testes
tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea
50
testis is divided into about what
250-300 lobules each of which has 1-3 seminiferous tubules
51
tubules have both what
spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells
52
what are testes
gradual descent of testes into the scrotum
53
is testes fall to distend what is it called
cryptorchidism
54
what side of the testes typically doesnt descend
right
55
if the testes dont descend it can affect
body temp also often sterile
56
when do you treat cryptorchidism
after 6 months of age
57
if you have cryptorchidism you have an increased risk of
testicular cancer
58
is testicular cancer rare
yes
59
what age is testicular cancer most common in
15-35
60
risk factor for testicular cancer
cryptorchisim
history of mumps/ orchitiis
maternal exposure to environmental toxins
61
S&S for testicular cancer
painless solid mass in testes
62
testicular cancer is 90% curable with
orchiectomy
63
what combine treatment do u use for testicular cancer
XRT and chemo
64
passage of sperm
prolonged passage of spermatozoa from their formationin the seminifierous tubules to the coiled and convoluted epididymis (maturation)
then run into the ductus deferens which is the passage for the sperm along with the artery, vein, and nerve which make up the spermatic cord
65
what is the role of the epididymis
important site for sperm maturation
66
what is a fibrous muscular tube about 18 in long, conveys sperm through the inguinal canal over the top and side of the bladder to the ampulaa and into the ejaculatory duct
ductus deferns
67
how is the ejaculatory duct formed
by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle
68
what does the ejaculatory duct enter
prostate gland
69
what is the prostate gland
a firm gland about the size of a walnut located at the base of the bladder
70
what does the male urethra carry
both urine and ejaculate
71
what secretes a clear alkaline mucous fluid into the urethra during sexual arousal which prepares the urethra for coitus and ejaculation
paired bulbourethral glands
72
what does the bulbourethral glands and seminal vesicles and prostate have
a large bicarbonate load to neutralize the normally acidic character of the urethra resulting from its task of conveying urine
73
what is seminal fluid
semen= milky white sticky fluid; transports and protects sperm
74
what does the seminal vesicle secrete
yellow, >60% volume, fructose provides energy, alkaline, viscous
75
what does the prostate gland secrete
milky fluid, <33% volume, activated sperm, slightly acidic, encircles urethra
76
what does the bulbourethral gland secrete
thick, clear mucus, lubrication for intercourse, eliminates traces of acidic urine pre-sperm entry
77
what does benigh prostatic hyperplasia affect
old men, strain to pee, blocks opening
78
treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia
surgery
meds to shrink
79
inflammation of prostate, due to infection or injury
difficulty urinating and pain
chills and fever
need antibiotics
prostatitis
80
what is a very common, slow growing cancer
prostate cancer
81
95% of prostate cancer is what
adenocarcinoma
82
majority of prostate cancer starts on ?
peripheral zone
83
is prostate cancer palpable on rectal exam
yes
84
is there symtoms for prostate cancer
no but could be urinary obstructin or trouble voiding
85
prostate cancer is classically a disease of
aging
86
how to treat prostate cancer
surgery and radiation
87
organ for sexual intercouse
penis
88
what is the penis an outlet for
urine and semen
89
what is circumcision
removal of foreskin
90
what does the penis consist of
root body and glans
91
the penis has a cylindrical body that
hangs free
92
body of penis has an expanded distal end called
glans penis
93
what is the prepuce
hood-like fold of skin that covers the glans
94
circumsion is removal of
prepuce
95
erectile tissue has 2 dorsally placed what
corpora cavernosa
96
erectile tissue has a single layer of? applied to?
corpus spongiosum
applied to ventral surface
97
corpus spongiosum expands to form
glans penis
98
what does the glans penis cover
corpora cavernosa
99
the penile part of the urethra runs through the center of
corpus spongisum
100
the penile part of the urethra opens onto the surface of
glans at the external urethral orifice
101
the penis increases in length and diamters,s tiff due to blood flow due to
sexual excitement
102
ejaculation is
seminal fluid expellend then inhibiton
103
refractory period is from
SNS
104
bulbospongiosus role
functions to expel the last drops of urine and semen
105
during arousal what happens
bulbospongisus and ischiacavernosus muscles contract which compresses the deep dorsal vein to prevent venous return and help maintain erection
106
what does the mesovarium do
attaches ovaries to the posterior portion of the broad ligament
107
what does the suspensory ligament do
extends from mesovarium to body wall
108
what does the ovarian ligament do
attaches to ovary to superior margin of uterus
109
what enters through the mesivarium
ovarian arteries, veins and nerves
110
what is the ET of the visceral peritoneum in the ovary
simple cuboidal
111
fallopian tube parts
uterine tubes and oviduct
112
what is the role of ciliated mucous membrane
sweeps oocyte into fallopian tube
113
ampulla role
wider and longer
typical site of fertilization
114
mucosa ET in fallopian tube
simple columnar epithelium with cilia
115
role of mucosa in fallopian tubes
provide nutrients for the oocyte and developing embryo
116
what are the parts of the uterus
fundus
body
cervix
117
the uterus is supported by what ligaments
broad
round
uterosacral
118
where is the broad ligament do
lateral uterus to pelvic walls
119
where are round ligaments
they span from uterus thru inguinal canals to labia majora
120
where are the uterosacral ligaments
they attach lateral wall to sacrum and come off at bottom
121
uterus position
typically anteverted (tipped slightly anterior)
may be retroverted (posterior)
122
what are the uterine layers
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
123
what layer is the serous layer which means it is the visceral peritoneum covering uterus
perimetrium
124
what layer is the think musclar smooth muscle, bulk of the wall, thickest in the body
myometrium
125
in the cervix of the myometrium what is different
less muscle, increased dense CT, rigid and less contractile than rest of organ
126
what ET is in the endometrium
simple columnar
127
where are spiral glands found
endometrium
128
what are the two layers of endometrium
basal and functional
129
which layer is the deepest, continous with myometrium and does not shed
basal
130
which layer of endometrium is thicker, more superficial layer, lines uterine cavity and can be sloughed off as mentrual cycle and spiral arteries supply blood to this layer and has a role in cyclic changes
functional
131
role of vagina
site for penile insertion for intercourse
132
the vagina is also a site for
menstruation and childbirth
133
what does the outer musclar layer of the wall of the vagina do
allows increase in size for sex and childbirth
134
what does the inner mucous membrane do in the wall of vagina
it is moist, stratified squamous epithelium for protection
135
during intercourse there is increased lubrication due to what?
increases fluid from vaginal wall, cervical and external genitalia glands
136
what is the hymen
thin mucous membrane covering vaginal orifice
137
when does the hymen enlarge
after first intercourse
138
what does imperforate means
closes off the opening and must remove for menstrual flow
139
what does the vulva consist of
vestibule (space with external openings of vagina and urethra)
labia minora, majora, clitoris
140
what part of vulva borders each side of vestibule, and is enclosed my labia majora
minora
141
does minora or majora have hair free skin folds
minora
142
what is the vulva the same as in men
spongy urethra of penis
143
how is the clitoral hood and prepuce formed
by the labia minora uniting over clit
144
how is the fourchette formed
by the posterior uniting of labia minora
145
what is lateral to labia minora
majora
146
labia majora has prominence due to
subcutaneous adipose tissue
147
what is the space between the 2 labia majora
pudendal
148
when labia majora unite anteriorly over fatty elevated area of pubis symphysis with pubic hair it is called
mons pubis
149
what is erectile tissue of female
clitoris
150
what are 2 erectile tissue in the clit
corpora cavernosa
corpora spongisum
151
what expands at base of clitoris to form crus of clitors and anchor to pelvic bones
corpora caernosa
152
when the corpora caernosa engorges with blood and widens what happens
increased contact with hood and increased stimulation
153
what are the bulbs of vestibule
corpora spongiosum
154
what does corpora spongiosum have a role in
vagina gripping penis and urethral orifice shuts
155
what prevents semen from entering the bladder during sex
corpora spongiosum
156
where is the (greater vestibular) bartholins glands located
labia minora on posterolateral vestibule
157
what does bartholins glands produce
mucus secretion to aid in vaginal and vulvar lubrication
158
where is the lesser vestibular or skenes glands located
near clitoris and urethral opening
159
what does the skenes gland act as
antimicrobial
160
both glands play a role in
lubrication and sexual arousal
161
what is divided into 2 triangles by superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles
perineum
162
what does the anterior urogenital triangle contain
external genitalia
163
what does the posterior anal triangle contain
anal opening
164
clinical perineum =
region between vagina and anus
165
what may happen to the clinical perineum during childbirth
it may tear
166
what is the term for an incisioin in clinical perineum, posterior vaginal wall
episiotomy
167
episiotomy is easier to repair than a
tear
168
what is decreased procedure use for episiotomy
massage oil
pelvic floor therapy
169
what are the side effects for epsiotomy
blood loss
pain
dyspareunia
170
mammary glands are
modified sweat glands
171
areola is
circular pigmented area
site for suckling
172
areolar glands are
due to bumpy area below the surface
rudimentary mammary glands
secretions lubricate and protect nipple and areola frim chafing as nursing
173
breasts enlarge during puberty due to
estrogen and progesterone
174
occasionally enlarges mammary glands=
gynecomastia
175
mammary glands have 15-20 glandular lobes covered by
adipose tissue
176
the lobes in mammary glands form ?
a conical mass
177
nipple forms at
apex
178
each lobe has a ?
single lactiferous duct which goes to lactiferous sinus
179
when lactating, milk acculates in
lactiferous sinuses
180
lactiferous duct supplying a lobe, subdivdes into smaller ducts->
lobule with further branching
181
milk producing small ducts expand to form
alveoli
182
what cells surround the alveoli and contract to expel milk
myoepithelial cells
183
what provides support and holds breats in place
extend from fascia over pectoralis major to skin over mammary glands to prevent xs sagging of breasts
suspensory ligaments
184
what are sensitive to tactile stimulation and contain smooth muscles that contract and cause it to erect as a response to touch cold and sexual arousal
nipples
185
during pre-birth what is secreted by the placenta
human chorionic gonadotropin
186
what does hCG stimulate
synthesis and secretion of testosterone by fetal testes
187
what happens during post-birth
no stimulation occurs-> testes of newborn baby atrophy slightly
188
what is secreted during post-birth
only small amounts of testosterone until puberty (onset 12-14)
189
what happens at puberty
age individuals are now capable of sexual reproduction
190
in puberty androgens are made by
interstitial cells (leydigs) in testes, adrenal cortex, sertoli cells
191
where is testosterone made
in the interstitial leydig cells of the testes
192
adrenocortical secondary sex hormones as well as testosterone derivatives are also active in producing?
secondary sex characteristics in males
193
what does testosterone also act as
paracrine regulator within the testis to promote spermatogenesis
194
T stimulates growth of?
thicker, coarser, pigmented pubic hair
195
vellus hair->
terminal hair
196
T affects skin?
appearance
197
T causes larynx...
hypertrophy with less tension on vocal folds
198
T also stimulates what to increase
metabolism
199
T causes release of what to increase RBC production
erythropoietin
200
T leads to what retention and leads to what
Na retention and increases body fluid volume
201
T promotes protein synthesis in most tissues->
skeletal muscle mass increase at puberty
202
T also stimulated bone growth with rapid what
calcium deposit
203
what is puberty
stage in adolescents when humans reach sexual maturity and are capable of reproduction and large quantities of hormones are released
204
what are secondary sexual characteristics
physical traits which develop at puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction
205
what are synthetically produced variant of testosterone, structurally similar
anabolic steroids
206
what do anabolic steroids do
build muscle tissue and increase lean body mass, increases weight and promotes aggresiveness
207
why do athletets use anabolic steroids
to increase performance by promoting muscle growth and improve physical appearance
208
how do u consume anabolic steroids
ingestion or ingection
209
what are anabolic steroids often stacked with
other stimulants, growth hormones and painkillers
210
anabolic steroids have effects similar to
T
211
anabolic steroids have more effect on muscle rather than
reproductive system
212
side effects of anabolic steroids
illegal without prescription and for regulated sports
violent rage
infertile
sterile
BPH
breast enlargement
painful erections
shrinkage of testes
less T
cholesterole and BP increase
blood clots
headache
stunted growth
acne
male pattern baldness
impair liver function
may cause tumors
physically addicted
213
an erection is what kind of control
parasympathetic
214
erections stimulate dilation of arterioles by filling
venous sinuses and constricting veins
215
mechanism for erection
activation of cGMP and by nitric oxide
216
how do drugs that treat erectile dysfunction work
inhibit the breakdown of cGMP by phosphodiesterase
217
what kind of control is emission
sympathetic
218
semen moves into where through emisson
into urethra
219
mechanism for emission
contraction of smooth muscle of vas deferens and seminal vesicle in response to stimuli from hypogastric nerves
220
what kind of control is ejaculation
sympathetic
221
during ejaculation semen is propelled from the urethra at the time of
organsm
222
mechanism for ejaculation
contraction of bulbocavernous muscle
223
failure to achieve erection is due to less
T secretion from hypothalamic, pit, or testicular tissues
224
in ED you have ineffective sitmulation of erectile tissue of nerve fibers of reduced response of
BVs to neural stimulation
225
TEMPORARY ED
physiological factors
EtOH
drugs
226
chronic ed
bv issues
ns issues
dm
prostate surgery
aging
227
treatment for ED
oral meds
viagra
penile pump
228
how does viagra work
it blocks enzymes that convert cGMP to GMP, so cGMP can accumulate in smooth muscle cells in arteries of erectile tissue so there can be an erection
229
how does the penile pump work
its like a vacuum that draws blood into penis to create erection
230
does penile pump increase sexual desire
no
231
motility is?
ability to move via flagella
232
viability is?
ability to survive in the female tract
233
volume of ejaculate is typically?
1.5-5 ml
234
sperm content is normally about ?
60-150 million in the ejaculate volume
235
sperm counts below 10 million constitutes
oligospermia
236
low sperm count can be associated with
excessive warming of the testes
autoimmune defects
obesity
trauma of surgery
medications
radiation
lead
marijuana
ex EtOH
237
what can cause infertility in men
DM
thyroid and adrenal disorders
238
1st menstrual bleed
menarche
239
3rd year postmenarche is when cycles become?
regular and all cycles are ovulatory
240
what kind of changes occur in sexually mature nonpregnant females
cyclic
241
how long is menstrual cycle
28 days
242
is there variation in menstrual cycle
yes
243
what can affect menstrual cycle
nutrition
stress
level of activity
244
ovarian cycle are changes within
ovaries
245
uterine cycle is changes within the
uterus
246
ovarian cycle is responsible for
egg maturation
247
cyclical is every 28 days with ovulation midcycle on
day 14
248
how long is ovarian cycle
21-40 days
249
length of follicular phase and timing of ovulation vary, but luteal phase remains
constant
14 days
250
2 phases of ovarian cycle
follicular
luteal
251
follicular phase is days
1-14
252
day 14 is
ovulation
253
luteal phase is days
14-28
254
what is active in luteal phase
corpus luteum
255
graafian (vesicular) follicles are rescued from?
atresia (programmed cell death)
256
how does atresia resuce graafian follicles
by rising FSH levels by the end of the prior cycle
257
the graafian follicle outcompetes other follicles for FSH and survive turning into?
dominant follicle
258
what completes meiosis 1
primary oocyte of dominant follicles
259
what is ovulation
it is when the ovary wall ruptures and secondary oocyte is expelled into peritoneal cavity with corona radiata remaining in tact
260
term for twinge in lower abdomen that may be due to intense stretch of wall and irritation of peritoneum by blood released by ruptured follicle
mittelschmerz
261
Fertilization of Single Oocyte by a Single Sperm, then Separation of Daughter cells.
identical twins
262
Different Oocytes fertilized by Different Sperm (Different Baby Daddies/Different Conception Dates)
fraternal twins
263
what does the ruptured follicle do
collapses and antrum fills with clotted blood
264
what does the ruptured follicle turn into
corupus hemorrhagicum
265
what forms the corpus luteum
the remaining granulosa cells enlarge and are joined bt the internal theca cells
266
the corpus luteum provides high levels of what two things as seen in the luteal phase
progesterone and estrogen
267
what happens to corpus luteum if not pregnant
it degenerates for about 10 days and there is a hormonal output ends to corpus albicans
268
what happens to corpus luteum if you are pregnant
it persits producing progesterone until placenta is ready to resume hormone-producing role
269
what are changes that primarily occur in functional layer of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle
uterine cycle (menstrual)
270
3 phases of uterine cycle
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative
3. secretory
271
what happens and what days are the menstrual phase
day 1-5, slough off endometrial lining
272
days of proliferative phase and what happens
days 5-14
endometrium of uterus regenerates
form tubular spiral glands and spiral arteries are seen
273
ovulation is on day what and what is peaking
day 14
LH peak
274
days of secretory phase and what happens
day 14-28
maturation of and secretion by spiral glands
endometrium thickens
spiral glands develop to greater extent
275
what are strong myometrial contractions before and during menstruation
cramps
276
what are cramps due to
xs prostaglandin secretion, which are produced as endometrium lining sloughs off
277
during sexual excitement, erectile tissue within the clitoris and around the vaginal opening becomes....
engorged with blood
278
what happens to nipples in sex
erect
279
in sex for females the mucous glands within the vestibule secrete? but large amounts where
small amount of mucus
through vaginal wall
280
what do secretion provide in female sex behavior
lubrication that allows for easy entry of penis into vaginal area and easy movement of penis during intercourse
281
what stimulation of genitalie and psychological stimuli triggers an orgasm
tactile
282
what is cessation of menstrual cycles
menopause
283
what is the time from onset of irregular cycles to complete cessation
perimenopausal
284
as hormones in menopaus become reduced it can become
symotimatic
285
symptoms of menopause
hot flashes
fatigue
anxiety
temporary drop in sex drive
emotional lability
dryness
286
treatment for menopause
hormone replacement therapy
287
what hormones are given in hormone replacement therapy for menopause
estrogen or estrogen/progesterone
288
what does hormone replacement therapy aid in what? and reduces what?
preventing osteoporosis, reduces chance of colorectal cancer
289
side effects of menopause
increase risk of breat, ovarian and uterine cancer
290
what are the risks of menopause
MI
CVA
blood clots
291
causes of female infertility
dysfunction of fallopian tubes
less hormone secretion from pituitary gland or ovaries
interference with implantation
292
what is endometriosis
endometrial tissue deposits outside the uterus-> fertility is impacted
293
what is the leading cause of endometriosis
retrograde menses
294
in endometriosis the endometrial cells become?
inflamed and sensitive to estrogen and progesterone
295
symptoms of endometriosis
dyspareunia
heavy bleeding
pain with BM or urinate
cramping
constipation
nausea
bloating
296
diagnosis for endometriosis
pelvic laproscopy
297
treatment for endometriosis
pain medication
hormone therapy
remove endometrial deposits
laparoscopic surgery
cauterization
laser tx
298
what are uterine fibroids/myoma
leiomyoma
299
benign tumors develop from
smooth muscle cells in myometrium
300
leiomyoma are classified by location
subserosak, submucosal, pedunculated, intramural
301
leiomyoma are the most common?
benign tumors of uterus
302
when do leiomyoma shrink
post menopause
303
symptoms of leiomyoma
could be asymptomatic
abnormal bleed
pain
304
risk factor for leiomyoma
genetics
nulliparity
obese
PCOS
PMP hormone use
HTN lifestyle
305
how to confirm leiomyoma
dx via pelvic ultrasound or mri
306
treatment for leiomyoma
observation
OCP shrinks
reduce symptoms
hysterectomy
laser ablation
myonmectomy
307
2nd most common cancer in women
breast
308
risk factors for breast cancer
lifetime exposure to estrogens
nulliparous (never gave birth)
HRT post menopause
FH
Prior Hx
309
breast cancer is genetic mutation in
Brca 1 and 2
310
where are majority of the breast tumors
upper outer quadrant (most glandular tissue)
311
lymphatic spread-> opposite breast and to
lymph nodes
312
first sign of breast cancer
painless lump
palpable nodes in axilla
tissue retraction
bone pain due to METS
nipple discharge
313
DX for breast cancer
self or clinal breast exam
mammaogram
ultrasound
MRI
biopsy
314
Tx for breast cancer
based on staging
lumpectomy
surgery
XRT
chemo
hormone
targeted therapy
