Chapter 15 Special Senses

Question 1

what part of the ear does balance involve

Answer 1

inner ear

Question 2

what is the sensory organs for hearing and balance in the petrous portion of temporal bone

Answer 2

inner ear

Question 3

where is the inner ear

Answer 3

posterior to the eye orbit

Question 4

what is extremely complex as functions in hearing and equalibrium

Answer 4

inner ear

Question 5

what are the 3 regions of the inner ear

Answer 5

vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

Question 6

balance is what part of the inner ear

Answer 6

semicircular canals

Question 7

hearing is what region of the inner ear

Answer 7

cochlea

Question 8

3 regions in order from anterior to posterior

Answer 8

cochlea- vestibule- semicircular canals

Question 9

maze due to complicated shape=

Answer 9

labyrinth

Question 10

what is within the bone and is a series of bony cavities within temporal bone

Answer 10

bony labyrinth

Question 11

what is the bony labyrinth lined by and what does it contain

Answer 11

lined by endosteum
contains perilymph

Question 12

what does the bony labyrinth consists of

Answer 12

cochlea, vestibule, 3 semicircular canals

Question 13

what is suspended within the bony labyrinth

Answer 13

membranous labyrinth

Question 14

what is the membranous labyrinth filled with and what is it surrounded by

Answer 14

filled with endolymph
surrounded by perilymph

Question 15

what does the membranous labyrinth consist of

Answer 15

cochlear duct, saccule, and utricle and semicircular ducts

Question 16

what conducts sound vibrations in hearing and respond to mechanical forces during body position changes and acceleration

Answer 16

fluids

Question 17

structural and functional organs of balance = how many parts

Answer 17

2

Question 18

what consists of utricle and saccule of the vestibule

Answer 18

static labyrinth

Question 19

what labyrinth is predominately involved in evaluating position of head relative to gravity

Answer 19

static labyrinth

Question 20

what else does static labyrinth respond to

Answer 20

linear acceleration and deceleration

Question 21

what maintains proper head position in response to change in linear motion such as walking

Answer 21

static labyrinth

Question 22

what labyrinth is associated with semicircular canals

Answer 22

dynamic labyrinth

Question 23

what is involved in evaluating movements of the head

Answer 23

dynamic labyrinth

Question 24

what maintains proper head position in response to rotational movement (turning)

Answer 24

dynamic labyrinth

Question 25

what kind of epithelium is the static equilibrium with the utricle and saccule

Answer 25

simple cuboidal

Question 26

what does maculae respond to

Answer 26

pull of gravity and report changes in head position

Question 27

what is specialized epithelium 2-3 mm diameter and consists of supporting cells and hair cells

Answer 27

maculae

Question 28

what is 1 cilium and many microvilli is

Answer 28

stereocillia

Question 29

hair cells embedded in otolithic membrane

Answer 29

gelatinous mass with otoliths

Question 30

crystal-like structures composed of protein and CaCO3, "rocks"

Answer 30

otoliths

Question 31

what has no axons and directly synapse with CNVIII

Answer 31

hair cells

Question 32

saccular macula is perpendicular to what

Answer 32

the base

Question 33

what is parallel to skull base

Answer 33

utricular

Question 34

during balance in static labyrinth when you are in an upright position, the otolithic membrane

Answer 34

does not move

Question 35

as the position of the head changes during static labyrinth what causes otolothic membrane to move

Answer 35

gravity

Question 36

the movement of static labyrinth stimulates what

Answer 36

hair cells

Question 37

the pattern of head movements determines the intensity of

Answer 37

hair cell stimulation

Question 38

brain translates stimulation pattern translate into specific information about head position and

Answer 38

acceleration

Question 39

most info in static labyrinth is perceived and handled how

Answer 39

subconsciously

Question 40

the body responds by making subtle tone adjustments in muscles of back and neck, which do what

Answer 40

restore the head to its proper neutral, balances position

Question 41

what is associated with semicircular canals, which allow movement detection in all directions

Answer 41

dynamic equilibrium

Question 42

dynamic equilbrium has a base with enlarged swelling which is called

Answer 42

ampulla

Question 43

ampulla where equilbrium receptor is is called

Answer 43

crista ampullaris

Question 44

what is structurally and functionallly similar to sensory epithelium of maculae

Answer 44

crista ampullaris

Question 45

what does crista ampullaris respond to

Answer 45

rotational (angular) head movements

Question 46

crista hair cells are embedded in

Answer 46

capula

Question 47

dynamic equilibrium has no response to gravitational pull which means

Answer 47

no otoliths

Question 48

float displaced by fluid movement within semicircular canals

Answer 48

capula

Question 49

what moved within semicircular canals and moves caoula which creates hair bend and AP generated

Answer 49

endolymph

Question 50

what is involved in evaluating movement of the head

Answer 50

dynamic equilibrium

Question 51

what responds to endolymph movement within semicircular canals in dynamic labyrinth

Answer 51

crista ampullaris

Question 52

when a person is still is the capula move or stationary

Answer 52

stationary

Question 53

when you move (bend over to touch toes) what starts to move and what remains stationary

Answer 53

semicircular canals start to move with body but endolymph remains stationary relative to movement points in opposite direction of body and semicircular canal movement

Question 54

when you move (bend over to touch toes) what is displaced and by what

Answer 54

cupula is displaced by endolymph in direction opposite the direction of movement

Question 55

as movement continues, endolymph in semicircular canals catch up with the , and what happens

Answer 55

cupula and stimulation stops

Question 56

as head stops moving, endolymph continues to move because of

Answer 56

momentum

Question 57

displacement of the cupula is most intense when

Answer 57

rate of head movement changes

Question 58

the cupula detect changes in rate of movement and not

Answer 58

movement alone

Question 59

the info the brain obtains from dynamic labyrinth is

Answer 59

subconscious

Question 60

the nervous system pathway for balance receives info from

Answer 60

inner ear signals

Question 61

signals are integrated to allow body to

Answer 61

maintain posture and balance

Question 62

consiously aware of sensory input detected via what

Answer 62

cerebrum

Question 63

APs associated with balance pathways conducted to

Answer 63

vestibular area of cerebral cortex only

Question 64

as we age what happens to the number of hair cells in saccule, utricle and ampullae

Answer 64

decrease

Question 65

what else decreases as we age

Answer 65

of otoliths

Question 66

neurons synapsing on hair cells of maculae and crista ampullares converge into

Answer 66

vestibular ganglion

Question 67

where are cell bodies located

Answer 67

vestibular ganglion

Question 68

sensory axons from the vestibular ganglion pass through what

Answer 68

vestibular nerve to vestibular nucleus within the brainstem

Question 69

vestibular nucleus have axons that run to other CNS areas=

Answer 69

spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex

Question 70

what influenes postural muscles

Answer 70

cerebellum

Question 71

vestibullar nuclei axons also synapse with what

Answer 71

motor nuclei or CN III, IV, VI

Question 72

what does motor nuclei, CN III, IV, VI control

Answer 72

reflexive movements of the extrinsic eye muscles

Question 73

vestibular nuclei axons also go to

Answer 73

posterior ventral nucleus of thalamus

Question 74

thalamic neurons project to

Answer 74

vestibular areas of cerebral cortex

Question 75

thalamic neurons project to vestibular areas of cerebal cortex=

Answer 75

conscious awareness of balance