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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 3 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what are adrenal glands also known as

A

suprarenal glands

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2
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

superior to kidney like mushroom cap
retroperitoneal area
surrounded by adipose tissue
outer cortex, inner medulla

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3
Q

are adrenal glands avascular or vascular

A

vascular

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4
Q

each adrenal gland has arterial branches with central vein in each gland, where does the right and left drain too

A

right drains into IVC
left drains into left renal vein

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5
Q

histology capsule=

A

connective tissue

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6
Q

what kind of tissue is the adrenal cortex

A

glandular

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7
Q

small cell clusters
mineralcorticoids= aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

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8
Q

thickest layer, long columns
glucocorticoids= cortisol

A

zona fasciculata

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9
Q

thin, irregular cords of cells
gonadocorticoids= androgens
testosterone precursor

A

zona reticularis

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10
Q

what kind of tissue is the adrenal medulla

A

nervous tissue

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11
Q

catecholamines epipinephrine percentage in adrenal medulla

A

80

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12
Q

catecholamines norepipinephrine percentage in adrenal medulla

A

20

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13
Q

what is in the cortex

A

corticosteroids

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14
Q

are corticosteroids lipid-soluble

A

yes

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15
Q

do corticosteroids have a short or long half lifef

A

long

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16
Q

are corticosteroids fast or slow acting

A

slow

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17
Q

the cortex with corticosteroids have hormonal control via what

A

blood

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18
Q

for aldosterone in the cortex it has

A

K+ and renin-angiotensin

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19
Q

medulla has what

A

catecholamines

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20
Q

catecholamines have long or short half life
and are they slow or fast acting

A

short half life
fast acting

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21
Q

what kind of control does the medulla have

A

neural control (sympathetic fibers of ANS)

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22
Q

what is the primary mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

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23
Q

aldosterone is regulated by

A

renin-angiotensin

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24
Q

what does aldosterone regulate

A

ion balance in the blood (na,K)

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25
what is aldosterones target
kidneys
26
what does aldosterone do in the kidneys
resorbs salt and H2O increases blood volume and BP increases Na and decreases K
27
excess aldosterone causes
low blood K and alkalosis (pH)
28
alkalosis causes what
pH to go up and become more basic
29
what is the primary cortisol
glucocorticoid (stress resistors)
30
how is cortisol regulated
circadian ACTH release and through neg feedback inhibition
31
what is involved in the secretion of cortisol
stress response HPA- axis
32
HPA means
hypothalamus pituitary gland adrenal gland
33
what does cortisol decrease
inflammatory and immune response
34
how does cortisol break things down
it decreases number of WBC and inflammatory chemical secretion from tissues
35
what are the roles of cortisol release
lipid breakdown reduce glucose uptake in skeletal muscle stimulate gluconeogensis and increase protein degradation increases blood glucose and glycogen deposit in cells tissue naturation and development of epinephrine and ne receptors
36
cortisol secretion is what kind of events
cascade of events
37
what does cortisol cause in the body
increase blood sugar
38
secreotory bursts of cortisol is driven by
eating and exercise
39
when do blood levels peak
slightly before rise
40
when are blood levels the lowest
in the evening
41
when are blood levels elevated
at 6-8 hours of sleep
42
what are stressors:
hemorrhage, infection, trauma
43
after stressors what happens
there is CRH release within minutes
44
what is the stress hormone
cortisol
45
elevated levels of cortisol can adversely affect many areas of the body such as
metabolic immune connective tissue bone calcium levels cardiovascular cns gastrointestinal
46
adrenal sex hormone roles most secreted are
weak androgens
47
weak androgens= small amounts-
not much contribution
48
adrenal sex hormone convert to more potent
testosterone or estrogens in tissue cells
49
what is the role of adrenal sex hormones in males
development of male secondary sexual characteristics
50
what is the role of adrenal sex hormones in females
stimulate pubic and axillary hair growth and sex drive, especially post menopausal
51
hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids is what disease
addisons disease
52
adrenocorticoid deficiency means
you need to add steroids
53
what is the cause of addisons dease
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
54
in addisons disease ACTH levels are high due to
neg feedback of low cortisol
55
at high levels of ACTh in addisons disease is that it
triggers melanin production in melanocytes
56
symptons of addisons disease
bronzing disease, lose weight GI issues, muscle cramping dehydration and low bp
57
xs can cause
adrenal crisis
58
treatment for addisons disease
steroid hormone replacement hydrocortisone 20-30 mg/day, 2/3 in A
59
adrenal crisis is from acute complicatioin of
adrenal insufficiency
60
what is adrenal crisis due to
physiological stress of illness
61
what do you need in adrenal crisis
cortisol
62
do you have to treat adrenal crisis emergently?
yes with corticosteroid injection
63
Is adrenal crisis life threatening
yes
64
hypersecretion disease of glucocorticoids is
cushings disease
65
glucocorticoid excess=
your crushing me with all this cortisol
66
causes of cushings diease
ACTH producing Pituitary Tumor (Cushing Disease) ACTH releasing Tumor of Lung, Pancreas, Kidney or Adrenal Cortex Tumor. USUALLY from Glucocorticoid Drugs
67
symptons of cushing disease
Cushingoid = Moon facies, Buffalo Hump, Easy Bruising, Poor wound healing, Persistent elevated BS, Muscle & bone protein loss, Water/Salt retention  HTN & Edema
68
treatment for cushing disease
REMOVE CAUSE = Tumor via Surgery / Radiation OR Discontinue Drug SLOWLY

Human Structure and Function II (38 decks)

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