digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
what does the digestive system consist of
A
GI tract and accessory organs
2
Q
what is the pathway for food, break down into nutrients and packaging of waste products
A
GI tract
3
Q
what includes accessory organs that aid in mastication and glandular secretions that air in enzymatic digestion
A
accessory organs
4
Q
what we ingest is called
A
food
5
Q
whats the substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and maintaining life
A
nutrients
6
Q
what is it the process of breakdown of food via mechanical and chemical means called
A
digestion
7
Q
oral cavity-> _______
A
duodeunum of gi tract
8
Q
what is the process by which nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream
A
absorption
9
Q
jejnum-> _____
A
colon
10
Q
what are the 6 essential activities of digestive system
A
- ingestion
- propulsion
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
- absorption
- defecation
11
Q
intake of solid food and drink via oral cavity
A
ingestion
12
Q
what is mastications
A
chew food, involing teeth and tongue
13
Q
mechanical break down is
A
ingestion
14
Q
what is peristalsis
A
propulsion
15
Q
what kind of movement is propulsion
A
downward movement of food
16
Q
what does the food in propulsion go through
A
GI tract
17
Q
how long does propulsion take
A
24-36 hours
18
Q
deglutition is
A
swallowing
19
Q
what is deglutition and peristaltic waves mean
A
wave of contraction and relaxation
20
Q
what is mechanical digestion also called
A
segmentation
21
Q
mixing of food with digestion secretions via musclar contraction is called
A
mechanical digestion
22
Q
mechanical digestion has alternate what
A
forward and back movement of GI contents
23
Q
where is mechanical digestion seen
A
in small and large intestines
24
Q
chemical digestions uses what
A
enzymes
25
what is the breakdown into smaller molecules for easier digestion
chemical digestion
26
what is the movement of molecules from digestive tract and into blood or lymph
absorption
27
what are waste products of digestion that are eliminated by the body
defacation
28
where does defecations predominately occur
large intestine
29
how many layers does digestive system have
4
30
what are the four layers of DS
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
31
where do the layers span from in the digestive system
esophagus to anus of GI tract
32
what is the innermost tunic
mucosa
33
what are the 2 types of epithelium in mucosa
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
34
where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found (4)
mouth
oropharynx
esophagus
anus
35
what kind of epi is the remained of Gi tract
simple columnar epi
36
what layer has thick CT
submucosa
37
what layer has nerves, B's, lymph vessels and small glands
submucosa
38
what layer is inner with circular smooth muscle and outer longtidinal smooth muscle
muscularis
39
what does the upper esophagus contain
skeletal muscle
40
stomach has 3rd layer which =
oblique
41
what is the outermost tunic
serosa (adventitia)
42
outermost tunic is also called
visceral peritoneum
43
adventitia =
CT in esophagus and retroperitoneal organs
44
fold size for esophagus
smallest:
medium:
large:
none x3
45
fold side for stomach
smallest:
medium:
largest:
microvilli
pits
rugae
46
fold side for small intestine
smallest:
medium:
largest:
microvilli
villi
circular folds
47
fold side for large intestine
smallest:
medium:
largest:
microvilli
pits
haustra
48
the digestive system has local control of what
enteric nervous system
49
the nervous regulation of DS has extensive network of
neural tissue
50
what does the nervous regulation consists of
submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
51
what innervates smooth muscle of the gut, controls local secretion, absorption and muscle movements in the nervous regulation
submucosal
52
what is found between circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers, along entire GI tract, increases tone of gut and velocity and intensity of contractions
myenteric
53
what does the nervous regulation control
peristalsis and mixing, blood flow in GI tract
54
what is a painful developmental disorder due to lacking a subset of enteric neurons in distal large intestine
hirshsprung disease
55
hirshsprung disease is a mutation in what gene
RET
56
what does the RET gene usually do
encodes a receptor normally activated by growth factors required for survival and differentiation of enteric neuron subset
57
what do mutations of the RET gene lead to
loss of enteric neurons-> poor intestinal motility and severe constipation
58
true or false: newborns can have abdominal distension and no BM within 48 hours after birth
true
59
is the vomting in hirshprung
yes
60
is hirschsprung more common in male or female
male
61
what is hirschprings associated with
inherited conditions
62
what happens in hirshsprungs
difficulty passing stool (at birth), as bowel does not relax, stool builds up-> bowel obstruction
63
how do u diagnose hirshsprungs
rectal biopsy
abdominal xray
anal manometry
64
what do u see in rectal biopsy w megacolon
absence of ganglion cells
65
what do you see in abdomonal xray with megacolon
swollen then narrow
66
what do you see with anal manometry with megacolon
rectal ballon inflated, muscles should relax, if not= megacolon
67
what is the treatment for megacolon (5)
surgical bypass or removal of colon portion that lacks nerve cells
high fiber food
increased fluids
physical activity
laxative
68
what are complications of megacolon
susceptible to serious intestinal infection
69
what is susceptible to serious intestinal infection called
enterocolitis
70
is enterocolitis life threatening
yes
71
how many NT are associated with ens
30
72
what stimultes digestive tract motility and secretions
Ach
73
what inhibits digestive tract motility and secretions
NE
74
what stimulates digestive tract motility
serotonin
75
chemotherapy affects digestive activity which can result in
nausea
76
what blocks serotonin receptors and alleviates nausea
ondansetron
77
digestive hormones, paracrine chemicals (histamine) effect on nearby cells effect what
effects pH levels
78
what is the serous membrane sheet covering walls and adominal cavity organs
peritoneum
79
what secretes serous fluid
smooth membrane
80
what is serous fluid
a lubricant seen between membrne layers
81
membrane and fluid reduces what? as the organs move in abdomen
friction
82
fold with outer layer =
parietal peritoneum
83
inner layer=
visceral peritoneum
84
what is life threatening inflammation of peritoneum
peritonitis
85
what is peritonitis due to
chemical irritation
86
S&S of peritonitis
acute abdominal pain
tenderness (worse w movement)
87
what is accumulation of xs serous fluid in pertoneal
ascites
88
ascites is also seen with what?
starvation, alcoholism, different cancers (liver, ovarian)
89
true or false: in ascited fluid does not reaccumulate based on cause
false
90
what is a continuous, double layer of epithelial tissue attached to posterior abdominal wall
mesentery
91
what does the mesentery hold in place
all digestive organs in abdominal cavity
92
where does the mesentery connect
to one another and to the posterior wall
93
where does the mesentery extend from
junction between esophagus/ stomach to rectum
94
what is the attachment to the posterior wall of the mesentery called
mesenteric root
95
what is the mobile attaching to jenunum and ileum to posterior abdominal wall
small intestine mesentery
96
what is anchored to mobile to anchored
right, transverse and left mesocolon
97
what is anchored and mobile
mesosignmoid and mesorectum
98
term for lesser curve of stomach to proximal duodenum to liver and diaphragm
lesser omentum
99
term for greater curve of stomach to transverse colon
greater omentum
100
the greater omentum has what
a double fold of mesentery from stomach over small intestine
101
what does the greater omentum have large amounts of
adipose tissue and B&T cells
102
what ligament goes from liver to diaphragm
coronary ligament
103
what goes from liver to anterior abdominal wall
falciform
104
outer lining, part of the body wall
parietal peritoneum
105
inner lining, part of the wall of tract/ organs
visceral peritoneum
106
peritoneum connecting body to suspended viscera
mesentery
107
peritoneum between suspended viscera
omentum
