urinary system part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a filtering device
A
renal corpuscle
2
Q
what processes and carries away filtered fluid
A
renal tubule
3
Q
what is the functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
4
Q
2 parts of the nephron are
A
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
5
Q
what does the renal corpuscle contain (2)
A
glomerulus and bowmans capsule
6
Q
what does the renal tubule contain (4)
A
proximal convulated tubule
loop of henle
distaI convoluated tubule
collecting duct
7
Q
what are the three steps in urine formation
A
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
8
Q
out of the three steps in urine formation, which one is to remove unwanted substances from blood
A
filtration
9
Q
what step moves H2O and nutrients back into the bloodstream
A
reabsorption
10
Q
in filtration the initial formation of tubular fluid is by?
A
hydrostatic pressure
11
Q
initial formation of tubular fluid by hydrostatic pressure is where
A
glomerular capillaries
12
Q
what does the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries force
A
ultrafiltrate through filtration membrane
13
Q
what is the tubular process which returns water, electrolytes, and other substances from the tubular fluid to the blood
A
reabsorptioin
14
Q
water reabsorption is active or passive
A
passive
15
Q
reabsorption of other substances may be passive or active or either
A
either
16
Q
what secreted from blood complete formation of urine
A
waste ions
17
Q
what is the tubular process which moves substances from the blood to the tubular fluid
A
secretion
18
Q
what is the result of secretion
A
elimination of substances in urine
19
Q
the renal corpuscle is entirely in what
A
renal cortex
20
Q
the renal tubule begins where and then what
A
begings in cortex then to medulla and back into cortex
21
Q
what does the renal corpuscle: glomerulus and bowmans capsule do
A
filters blood
22
Q
what does the PCT do
A
returns filtered substances to blood
23
Q
what does the loop of henle do
A
conserves H2O and solutes
24
Q
what does the DCT do
A
last ditch effort to rid blood of additional waste products
25
what does the collecting duct do
hormonal regulation of urine concentration
collects from multiple nephrons and sends urine to papillary duct into renal papilla-> minor major calyx-> renal pelvis-> ureter-> urinary bladder-> urethra
26
what is a twisted capillary network
glomerulus
27
what kind of layers does the glomerular capsule have
visceral and parietal
28
what layer has specialized cells called podocytes
visceral layer
29
what ET does the pariteal layer have
simple squamous
30
blood enters glomerular capillaries and filtered fluid=
filtrate
31
what are 3 unique characteristics to enhance glomerular filtration
porous capillaries
porous visceral layer
high pressure
32
porous capillaries are highly permeable or impearmeable
highly permeable (fenestrae)
33
large proteins/ blood cells=
too big
34
in the porous visceral layer, what is between the podocyte cell processes
filtration slits
35
what is high pressure due to in glomerular filtration
due to smaller diameter efferent vs afferent arteriole
36
what is in the filtration membrane
capillary endothelium, basement membrane and podocytes if bowmans
37
what is the 1st major step in urine production
filtration membrane filters blood and filtrate enters lumen
38
in addition to having high BP in the glomerular capillaries, this capillary bed is special in what way
fenestrated capillaries
39
what does it mean to have fenestrated capillaries
the cells of the capillaries have gaos or holes between the cells, so fluid can leak out of these capillaries much more easily than in other body tissues
40
specialized cells of the bowman capsule (podocytes) do what
wrap around the glomerular capillaries forming narrow openings called flitration slits through which the filtered fluid must pass
41
what combo makes up the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle
capillary fenestrations and filtration slits
42
fluid escapes rapidly from blood plasma into the space formed by what?
bowmans capsule
43
filtered fluid then travels into what to start the conversion into urine
PCT
44
the fluid that entered the PCT cause the fluid to be what
ultrafiltrate
45
the small opening through which filtered blood plasma must pass does what
prevents big things from getting through
46
what does the ultrafiltrate contain
H2O
electrolytes
AA's
Glc
urea
most toxic substances that might be ingested with food
47
what does ultafiltrate not usually contain
proteins
blood cells
other large molecules from the plasma
48
what reabsorbs almost all of the H2O intiallt filtered by the glomerulus
kidneys
49
what is the basic stratgey of the kidney
throw everything out and then reclaim what you need
50
what is the totla GFR from both kidneys
180 L/ day
51
what is the fluid loss rate
1-2 L/ day
52
glomerular ultrafiltrate must be reabsorbed in what?
renal tubule and collecting duct
53
how much ultrafiltrate is lost in the form of urine
1%
54
since H2O has no active transport mechanisms for its movement what occurs
All H2O reabsorption must be accomplished by actively transporting Na and causing H2O to follow salt
55
do kidneys require a lot of energy
yes
56
since the bulk of H2O and other needed molecules are reabsorbed in the renal tubule anything not reabsorbed does what
it is excreted at high concentration in the urine
57
what is the regulatory structure
juxtaglomerular apparatus
58
what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of
afferent arteriole cells and specialized cells in DCT
59
what and where are the juxtaglomerlar cells
specialized smooth muscle cells
around entry
60
what are specialized cells of DCT
macula densa
61
where is macula densa found
between afferent and efferent arterioles
62
whay does the macula densa do
detects rate of fluid flow in DCT and gives feeback fultration system
63
decreased flow in DCT->
dilation of afferent arteriole-> increase GFR and tubular flow
64
what does juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete
renin
65
what does renin do
plays a role in regulating filtrate formation and BP
66
rest of nephron action is what
fluid modification to finalize urine formation
67
what does the renal tubule consist of
PCT
loop of henle
DCT and collecting duct
68
what is Simple Cuboidal ET with Microvilli extending into Lumen (Filtrate) to increase surface area
PCT
69
what has a descending and ascending limb
loop of henle
70
what is the thin inferior bend that narrows
descending limb
71
what kind of ET is the descending limb
simple cuboidal and simple squamous
72
ascending limb has what kind of ET
simple squamous to simple cuboidal
73
Ascending limb travels closer to what and becomes what
travels closer to renal corpuscle becoming DCT as near macula densa
74
what is shorter than PCT
DCT
75
what et is DCT
simple cubdoidal
76
what do the cells look like in DCT
smaller with less microvilli
77
several DCTs attach where
collecting duct
78
what ET is collecting duct
simple cuboidal
79
what has a large diameter, and forms bulk of medullary rays
collecting duct
80
where does the collecting duct span from
renal cortex and extend through medulla through renal pyramid tips
81
what are the two nephron types
cortical and juxtamedullary
82
renal corpuscles distributed throughout the cortex is what type
cortical
83
the nephron in cortical is shorter or longer deeper or superficial
shorter and more superficial
84
what capillaries are in the cortical type
peritubular capillaries
85
what type is next to medulla
juxtamedullary
86
where are the renal corpuscles
deep in cortex
87
is the nephronn is juxtamedullary short or long deep or superfiical
long and deep into medulla
88
the longer loops in juxtamedullary help with what
better adaption to conserve H2O
89
where is the vasa recta cortical or juxt
juxt
90
does the efferent arteriole have a high or low oxygen content
high
91
is the efferent arteriole thick or thin
thick so it cant distend like a vein
92
is the diameter for efferent artiole smaller or larger than afferent
smaller
93
what capillaries are wrapped around the tubes
peritubular
94
where do the peritubular capillaries branch from
efferent arterioles
95
peritubular caps are seen with what nephron
cortical nephron
96
what do the peritubular caps surround
PCT
DCT
loop of henle
97
what are straight tubues, string of pearls
vasa recta
98
vasa recta are specialized parts of what and extend where
specialized parts of peritubular caps and extend deep into the medulla
99
what does the vasa recta surround
loop of henle and collecting duct
100
both peritubular and vasa recta return to where
circulation via renal veins
101
the affernet arterioles have resistance which means
increases constriction
102
the increased constriction of afferent arterioles means
decrease renal blood flow
103
if you have a decrease downstram pressure what happens
decreases GFR and urine production
104
afferent arterioles protect glomeruli from what
fluctuation in systemic BP
105
if there is a significant drop in BP what happens to afferent arterioles
opposite effect with dilation to preseve blood flow to kidney
106
what is released in response to drop in BP
juxtaglomerular cells release renin in response to decreased stretch to preserve GFR
107
if there is resistance in efferent arterioles what happens
reinforces high glomerular pressure
reduces hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries
