Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 2

Question 1

what is the largest endocrine only gland

Answer 1

thyroid gland

Question 2

how many hormones does the thyroid gland produce

Answer 2

3

Question 3

what are the three hormones that the thyroid gland produces

Answer 3

T3
T4
calcitonin

Question 4

what does the thyroid gland regulate

Answer 4

metabolism and cell growth and differentiation

Question 5

what does the thyroid gland produce

Answer 5

heat

Question 6

where is the location of the thyroid gland

Answer 6

anterior neck, inferior to larynx, with 2 lobes connected by narrow strip of tissue called isthmus

Question 7

is the thyroid gland vascular or avascular

Answer 7

vascular- there are superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 8

each thyroid gland contains follicles and is circular and surrounded by ?

Answer 8

simple cuboidal epithelium and filled with gel-like colloid material

Question 9

what is the gel-like colloid material

Answer 9

thyroglobulin protein and iodine

Question 10

what kind of cells are parafollicular cells

Answer 10

c cells

Question 11

where are parafollicular cells located

Answer 11

between the follicles (clusters of cells)

Question 12

what do parafollicular cells produce

Answer 12

calcitonin hormone

Question 13

what does calcitonin regulate

Answer 13

blood calcium

Question 14

what is calcitonin made by

Answer 14

parafollicular cells in thyroid

Question 15

calcitonin is secreted in response to

Answer 15

increased blood calcium levels

Question 16

where does calcitonin bind to

Answer 16

membrane-bound receptors

Question 17

what does calcitonin decrease

Answer 17

osteoclast activity

Question 18

calcitonin elongates what

Answer 18

life span of osteoblasts

Question 19

calcitonin does bone deposit->

Answer 19

decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels

Question 20

calcitonin opposed what

Answer 20

PTH

Question 21

can our body make iodine

Answer 21

no you need to ingest it

Question 22

thyroid hormone regulation has the hypothalamus that releases what to stimulate ant pit

Answer 22

thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 23

where is thyroid stimulating hormone released from

Answer 23

ant. pit

Question 24

TSH stimulates the uptake of what

Answer 24

iodine

Question 25

TSH incorporates what into what

Answer 25

iodine into thyroglobulin

Question 26

the breakdown of thyroglobulin causes the

Answer 26

release of lipid soluble thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 27

in the blood 75% of T3 and T4 is bound to

Answer 27

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

Question 28

regulation via neg feedback causes a decreased T3 stimulation of the hypothalamus to secrete what

Answer 28

TRH which stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH

Question 29

TSH is high when?

Answer 29

thyroid hormones are low

Question 30

TSH is low when?

Answer 30

thyroid hormones are high (hyperthyroidism)

Question 31

what is a disease from hyperthyroidism

Answer 31

grave's disease

Question 32

what is graves disease

Answer 32

autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicular cells- which mimics TSH and constant production of TH

Question 33

excessive production of TH in graves disease means we will have low what and high what

Answer 33

low TSH high T3 and T4

Question 34

graves disease is due to

Answer 34

thyroid tumor or pit/ hypothalamic origin as well

Question 35

hyperthyroidism symptoms

Answer 35

increased metabolism high body temp with heat intolerance weight loss, increased appetite irritable, restless, insomnia exopthalmos (graves) hair fine, skin flushed/ moist rapid HR/ BP diarrhea enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

Question 36

treatment for hyperthyroidism

Answer 36

beta blockers (help with increased beta-adrenergic tone) anti-thyroid medications (PTU) surgical removal of thyroid gland radioactive iodine (destruction of thyroid tissue)

Question 37

what is serve hypothyroidism

Answer 37

myxedema

Question 38

what is congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 38

cretinism

Question 39

what is hypothyroidism due too

Answer 39

diet (inadequate iodine intake) chemical exposure medications hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune) thyroid in origin pit/ hypothalamic in origin surgical removal of thyroid gland

Question 40

inadequate dietary iodine causes

Answer 40

thyroid hypertrophy

Question 41

goiter results from an

Answer 41

inability to synthesize adequate thyroid hormone

Question 42

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 42

decreased BMR, low body temp/ HR/BP dry, cold skin with course hair weight gain with reduced appetite constipation somnolence goiter weak skeletal muscles, apathy

Question 43

treatment for hypothyrodism

Answer 43

replacement of thyroid hormone levothyroxine (synthyroid)

Question 44

what are parathyroid glands

Answer 44

4 glanded embedded on post. thyroid gland

Question 45

what hormone does the parathyroid gland produce

Answer 45

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 46

the production and release of PTH by the parathyroid gland is regulated by

Answer 46

Chief cells

Question 47

what does the parathyroid gland regulate

Answer 47

concentration of calcium in the blood

Question 48

calcium levels control what is parathryoid gland

Answer 48

PTH production and release

Question 49

high serum calcium does what for PTH release

Answer 49

inhibit

Question 50

low serum calcium does what for PTH release

Answer 50

triggers

Question 51

calcitonin (produced in parafollicular/ c cells) decreased

Answer 51

blood calcium levels

Question 52

how do we control blood calcium

Answer 52

2 hormones work antagonistically

Question 53

rising blood calcium levels generate what

Answer 53

increase in calcitonin production

Question 54

rising blood calcium levels generate an increase in calcintonin production which causes what

Answer 54

a decrease in activity of osteoclasts in relation to osteoblasts

Question 55

a decrease in activity of osteoclasts in relation to osteoblasts remove what from the blood and deposit it where

Answer 55

calcium from the blood and deposit in the bone

Question 56

calcitonin also diminshes calcium uptake in what?

Answer 56

the gut

Question 57

falling blood Ca levels generate an increase in what production

Answer 57

PTH

Question 58

falling blood Ca levels generate an increase in PTH production which causes an increase in

Answer 58

osteoclast activity releasing calcium from bone and increasing blood calcium concentration

Question 59

what increase Ca uptake in the gut

Answer 59

PTH

Question 60

usually see low Ca and low phosphate together is what

Answer 60

hypercalcemia

Question 61

patients with hypercalcemia will have

Answer 61

bone fractures and weak bones renal stones heart and brain dysfunction

Question 62

what can hypercalcemia be from

Answer 62

overactive parathyroid glands

Question 63

what is hypocalcemia commonly a result from

Answer 63

too much Ca lost in urine when not enough Ca moved from bones to blood stream

Question 64

causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 64

low levels of PTH