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Human Structure and Function II > Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands Part 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

the pancreas has a mixed blank and blank function

A

exocrine and endorcrine

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2
Q

where is the location of the pancreas?

A

inferior to liver
head in midline
tail extends to left upper abdomen
portion of tail extends into retroperitoneum
duodeum wraps around the head

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3
Q

what kind of cells are in the pancreas

A

acinar cells

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4
Q

acinar cells are

A

digestive

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5
Q

pancreatic enzymatic secretions go into the intestinal lumen via what and go where

A

via hepatopancreatic duct and go to the duodenum

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6
Q

what are is the endocrine area in the pancreas

A

islet of langerhans

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7
Q

what percentage is the islet of langerhans of the pancreas

A

1-2%

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8
Q

alpha cells make what

A

glucagon

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9
Q

beta cells make what

A

insulin

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10
Q

delta cells make what

A

somatostain

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11
Q

do alpha cells increase of decrease BS

A

increase

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12
Q

do beta cells increase or decrease BS

A

decrease

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13
Q

what do the delta cells do to the BS

A

inhibit both

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14
Q

elevated BS is sensed by

A

beta cells of islets

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15
Q

elevated BS that is sensed by the beta cells of islets does what

A

release insulin into the blood

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16
Q

what does insulin promote

A

uptake of glc by somatic cells and stimulates glc stoage as glycogen in liver

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17
Q

when insulin promotes uptake of glc by somatic cells and stimulates glc storage as glycogen in liver=

A

decrease in bs level

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18
Q

decreased bs is sensed by

A

alpha cells of islets

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19
Q

decreased bs once senses by alpha cells causes what

A

release of glucagon into the blood

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20
Q

what does glucagon promote

A

breakdown of glycogen from liver and gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

the breakdown of glycogen from liver and glucoeogenesis causes what

A

increase in BS

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22
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1 is from

A

inadequate/ lack of insulin production by pancreatic beta cells

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23
Q

what activates glucose transporter receptors on most body cells

A

insulin

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24
Q

what accumulates to high levels in the blood, as cells are starved for the nutrient

A

glucose

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25
what are most cases of diabetes mellitus type 1 a result from
an autoimmune destructure of the pancreatic islet cells leading to life-long dependency on insulin and long-term metabolic disorder
26
what is crucial in managing diabetes mellitus type 1
control of glucose
27
diabetes mellitus is blank dependent with what link
insulin dependent with autoimmune link
28
diabetes mellitus type 2 are from what problems
receptor problem vs secretion problem
29
insulin receptors on target cells become what in diabetes mellitus type 2
insulin resistant
30
when the insulin receptors on target cells become insulin resistant it requires what
more insulin to be produced by islet cells
31
while insulin is becoming insulin resistant, the pancreatic islet cells become what
less competent in producing insulin
32
diabetes mellitus is a result from
accumulation of glucose in the blood
33
what is crucial in managing diabetes mellitus type 2
control of blood glucose
34
what are causes of diabetes mellitus type 2
obesity lack of physical activity diets high in high-glycemic index carbohydrates alc high-stress lifestyle
35
what is named for its shape like a pinecoone
pineal gland
36
what is the least known endocrine gland
pineal gland
37
location of pineal gland
hangs from roof of 3rd ventricle in diencephalon
38
is the pineal gland smaller or larger in children
larger
39
does the pineal gland get bigger or smaller as we age
smaller
40
what act on hypothalamus and gonads to inhibit reproductive hormone secretion
pinealocytes
41
what two secretions are in the pineal gland
melatonin and arginine vasotocin
42
melatonin decreases what
decreases GnRH secretion
43
the decease of GnRH secretion does what
inhibit reproduction
44
melatonin does what
sleep-wake cycle by increasing tendency to sleep
45
melatonin production is stimulated at
night and inhibited during the day
46
arginine vasotocin possible inhibit
GnRH secretion
47
what works with melatonin in some animals
arginine vasotocin
48
reproductive hormones are primarily secreted from
ovaries, testes, placenta, and pituitary gland
49
anterior pit gland=
fsh and lh
50
ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
51
estrogen and progesterone regulate what
reproductive cycle prep mammary gland for lactation and maintain pregnany, development of female reproductive organs and sec sex charac.
52
what does inhibin do in ovaries
inhibits FSH secretion thereby estrogen productioni
53
what does relaxin do
increase flexibility of pubis symphysis and aids in cervix dilatioin and makes birth canal larger
54
testes produce what
testosterone
55
what does testosterone do
produce sperm sec sex charc. maintain reproductive organs
56
what does inhibin do in testosterone
inhibts fsh secretion therby sperm production
57
placenta needs what hormone to maintain pregnancy
LH
58
thymus makes what
thymosin
59
thymosin does what
development and maturation of immune system for t lymphocyte development
60
adipose does what
leptin
61
leptin does
safety signals in hypothalamus; decreases urge to eat
62
GI tract makes what hormones
gastrin in stomach secretin and CCK in intestine
63
gastrin secretin CCK do what
digestive functions
64
kidneys make
erythropoitin and renin
65
erythropoitin make
RBC
66
renin does what
stimulates aldosterone to raise BP
67
heart makes what
ANF
68
ANF does what
decreases Na and lower BV and BP
69
skin makes what hormone
cholecalciferol
70
cholecalciferol does what
inactive form of vit. d3-> activated in kidneys= calcitrol to keep bones strong

Human Structure and Function II (38 decks)

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