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Human Structure and Function II > urinary part 4 > Flashcards

urinary part 4 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

what are called water channels

A

aquaporins

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2
Q

what do aquaporins do

A

form holes in a membrane

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3
Q

what is the function of aquaporins

A

move water across cell membrane in response to osmotic gradient created by active solute transport

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4
Q

what does aquaporins increase

A

permeability of DCT and CD to H2O

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5
Q

if you are overhydrated what happens

A

ADH production decreases and osmolality of urine falls low to 100 mOsm

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6
Q

if overhydrated is there an increase or decrease in aquaporins in CD

A

decrease

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7
Q

if overhyrdrated is there an increase or decrease in water reabsorption from CD

A

decrease

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8
Q

large quantity of dilute urine excreted=

A

diuresis

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9
Q

if dehydrated what happens

A

ADH is relased by Post pit in large quant

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10
Q

when dehyrdates solute concentration of urine rises or decreases

A

rises

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11
Q

when hydrated increase or decrease in aquaporins in collecting duct

A

increase

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12
Q

99% of water in filtrate is reabsorbed into blood which allows what when dehydrated

A

survivial

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13
Q

small quanity of very concentrated urine is excreted in dehyrated or overhydration

A

dehydration

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14
Q

what are chemicals that increase rate of urinary production/ ouput

A

diuretics

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15
Q

alcohol causes what

A

diuresis via inhibition of ADH secretion

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16
Q

what do other diuretics do

A

increase urine flow via inhibition of Na then H2O reabsorption

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17
Q

examples of vasodilation

A

anti-HTN meds, CHF edema, cirrhosis of liver; diet pills, caffeine

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18
Q

what is potent, inhibit medullary gradient, and act on ascending loop

A

loop diuretics

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19
Q

what is a osmotic diuretic and carries water out with substance

A

thiazides

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20
Q

use of diuretics can cause complications which could be

A

dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

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21
Q

filtrate loses what

A

H2O, nutrients, ions, AA, Glc

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22
Q

filtrate gains what

A

substances in xs, nitrogeneous waste products, toxin, drugs

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23
Q

what is clear, yellow to amber, aromatic, slightly acidic with 95% H2O and 5% solutes

A

urine

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24
Q

when do you see urochrome pigment

A

Hgb destruction

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25
as urine increases concentration what happens
becomes darker
26
abnormal color of urine can be from what
different foods, bile pigments or blood in the urine, medications or vitamins
27
cloudy urine can indicate what
infection
28
odor in urine increases when
sits, like ammonia due to bacteria metabolism
29
uncontrolled DM=
fruity acetine smell
30
water in highest concentration and then what two
urea then ions
31
when very high concentrations of solutes, or when abnormal substances are present=
pathology
32
urine pH
6 slightly acidic
33
changes in body metabolism/ diet can cause pH to vary between
4.5-8
34
what is an acidic diet
high protein intake and whole wheat products
35
what is an alkaline diet
vegetarian intake, bacterial infection in urinary tract
36
ratio of mass of substances to mass of= volume
specific gravity
37
high specific gravity can be
dehydration and pyelonephritis
38
low specific gravity can be
dilute urine, DI, denal damage
39
how do u measure specific gravity
hydrometer
40
muscular tube that urine passes from kidneys to urinary bladder
ureter
41
move urine via what
peristalsis
42
urine enters bladder via and into what
posterolateral surface into trigone area
43
hollow, muscular, urine storage site
urinary bladder
44
where is urinary bladder in males
anterior to rectum
45
where is urinary bladder in females
anterior to vagina
46
is there rugae in urinary bladder
yes
47
trigone area is where
bottom
48
how many ureters enter, how many urethras exit
2 and 1
49
what ET in urinary bladder
transitional epithelial tissue
50
what musce is longitudinal, circular and forces urine out
destrusor
51
inflammation due to bacterial infection
cystisis
52
what transports urine to outside of body
urethra
53
what ET is urethra
psuedostratified columnar
54
where the urinary bladder and urethra meet is called
internal urethral sphincter
55
what does the internal urethral sphincter do
precent urine leakage from urinary bladder
56
in males what does the internal urethral sphincter do
contract to keep semen from entering urinary bladder during sex
57
in females what does the internal urethral sphincter do
plays a role in preventing urine leakage
58
extenral uretrhal sphincter does what
voluntary control of urine passage
59
differnece between male and female urethra
males is for semen females is for urine
60
3 parts to male urethra
prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra
61
what is the 9th leading type of cancer
bladder
62
what is 50% of bladder cancer from
smoking
63
30% of bladder cancer is from
environmental carcinogens
64
what else is bladder cancer from
often heavy drinker and smoker
65
sign of bladder cancer
blood in urine (hematuria)
66
how to do ID bladder cancer
check cystoscopy (catheter into urinary bladder to look for abnormality)
67
treatment for bladder cancer
: Transurethral resection of Bladder Tumor (Scrape cancer cells off wall), Immunotherapy with Intravesicular delivery of BCG (Vaccine against TB), Severe: Neobladder.
68
act of urination/ void to empty bladder
micturition
69
micturition is constant flow from
kidney to bladder
70
when urine reaches more than 200ml what happens
stretch receptors which cause urge to void and eventuallt not control
71
also urge for micturition from what
irritation of bladder or urethra by bacterial infection
72
3 factors control distension
1) Wall of Urinary Bladder contains Large folds, like Stomach 2) Transitional ET distends 3) Smooth muscle wall of Urinary Bladder, stretch, urine enters
73
Spinal cord damage ABOVE Sacral region, NO Micturition reflex temporarily. With frequent empty, Reflex regains ability to empty bladder, No control over onset or Duration
automatic bladder
74
However, if Spinal Cord damage IN Sacral region
eliminates micturition reflex and bladder not contract even if ext urethral sphincter is relaxed
75
what exercise is used to strength micturition
kegals
76
women completelt void due to
gravity
77
males void due to
bulbospingiousus muscle
78
not control voluntry is
incontinence
79
examples of when incontience could occur
Infant, Emotional, Stress, Pregnant, Cough, Laugh, NS problem, Age
80
stress incontinence
Sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure (Laugh, Cough) forces urine out, Common in Pregnancy.
81
urge incontience
Strong urge to go, sudden onset. Leak urine. Due to Bladder cancer, inflammation, Infection or Stones. Need to go during day & night. Bladder retraining.
82
overflow incontinence
dribble when overfills
83
retention is often after what
surgery
84
how to treat retention
catheter

Human Structure and Function II (38 decks)

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