Chapter 12: Pathology

Question 1

auscultation

Answer 1

listening to sounds within the body

Question 2

percussion

Answer 2

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

Question 3

pleural rub

Answer 3

scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other

Question 4

rales (crackles)

Answer 4

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli

Question 5

rhonchus

rhonchi

Answer 5

loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

Question 6

sputum

Answer 6

material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting

Question 7

stridor

Answer 7

strained high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by the obstruction in the pharynx or larynx

Question 8

wheezes

Answer 8

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

Question 9

croup

Answer 9

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor

Question 10

diphtheria

Answer 10

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium

Question 11

epistaxis

Answer 11

nosebleed

Question 12

pertussis

Answer 12

whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by bordetella pertussis

Question 13

asthma

Answer 13

chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production

Question 14

bronchiectasis

Answer 14

chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection

Question 15

chronic bronchitis

Answer 15

inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 16

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Answer 16

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally

Question 17

atelectasis

Answer 17

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

Question 18

emphysema

Answer 18

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

Question 19

lung cancer

Answer 19

malignant tumour arising from the lungs and bronchi

Question 20

pneumoconiosis

Answer 20

abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection and bronchitis

Question 21

pneumonia

Answer 21

acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction

Question 22

pulmonary abscess

Answer 22

large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs

Question 23

pulmonary edema

Answer 23

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles

Question 24

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Answer 24

clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung

Question 25

pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 25

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs

Question 26

sarcoidosis

Answer 26

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs

Question 27

tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 27

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected

Question 28

mesothelioma

Answer 28

rare malignant tumour arising in the pleura

Question 29

pleural effusion

Answer 29

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)

Question 30

pleurisy (pleuritis)

Answer 30

inflammation of the pleura

Question 31

pneumothorax

Answer 31

collection of air in the pleural space

Question 32

anthracosis

Answer 32

coal dust accumulates in the lungs

Question 33

asbestosis

Answer 33

asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs

Question 34

bacillus | bacilli

Answer 34

rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis)

Question 35

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 35

chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs

Question 36

cor pulmonale

Answer 36

failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease

Question 37

exudates

Answer 37

fluid, cells and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation

Question 38

hydrothorax

Answer 38

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Question 39

infiltrate

Answer 39

collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan or other radiologic image

Question 40

palliative

Answer 40

relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease

Question 41

paroxysmal

Answer 41

pertaining to a sudden occurence, such as a spasm or seizure

Question 42

pulmonary infarction

Answer 42

area of necrosis

Question 43

purulent

Answer 43

containing pus

Question 44

silicosis

Answer 44

disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs

Question 45

chest x-ray (CXR)

Answer 45

radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)

Question 46

computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest

Answer 46

computed-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes

Question 47

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest

Answer 47

magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral (sagittal) and cross-sectional (axial) planes

Question 48

positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung

Answer 48

radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs

Question 49

ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

Answer 49

detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotape or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)

Question 50

bronchoscopy

Answer 50

fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes

Question 51

endotracheal intubation

Answer 51

placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx and trachea to establish an airway

Question 52

laryngoscopy

Answer 52

visual examination of the voice box

Question 53

lung biopsy

Answer 53

removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination

Question 54

mediastinoscopy

Answer 54

endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum

Question 55

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

Answer 55

tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs: airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently

Question 56

thoracentesis

Answer 56

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space

Question 57

thoracotomy

Answer 57

large surgical incision of the chest

Question 58

thoracoscopy (thorascopy)

Answer 58

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope

Question 59

tracheostomy

Answer 59

surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck

Question 60

tuberculin test

Answer 60

determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction

Question 61

tube thoracostomy

Answer 61

a flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest