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Flashcards in BL- Immunology of AIDS Deck (44)
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1
Q

First described in 1981, by 2004 it was the 5th
leading cause of death in the world, the 4th in
developing countries. So far, 36 million have died.

A

HIV/AIDS

2
Q

HIV is a nontransforming retrovirus, that is, an RNA virus that carries no oncogene, and reproduces itself by copying its RNA into DNA by means of its own enzyme:______

A

reverse transcriptase

3
Q

Retroviridae virus family

characterized by a long incubation period.

can deliver a lots of viral RNA into the DNA of the host cell

able to infect non-dividing cells, so they are one of the most efficient methods of a gene delivery vector.

ex: HIV

A

lentiviruses

4
Q

SIDA

A

another name for HIV/AIDS

5
Q

Where does HIV-1 come from/orginate?

A

originates from a Simenon virus

SIV(cpz)—> humans (HIV)

*also crossed into gorillas (~1920)

6
Q

AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV-1, for:

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

7
Q

Gorilla SIV(gor) spread to

A

Humans. Created another HIV subtype

There have been 4 jumps

8
Q

When a virus jumps species it becomes ______

A

More virulent

9
Q

long-term survivors

A

homozygous for a 32-base pair deletion in the gene for a chemokine receptor, CCR5 (they were CCR5d32).

HIV resistant

10
Q

CCR5 is an HIV _____

A

coreceptor

11
Q

elite controllers

A

long-term survivors group- became infected but did not progress to AIDS. Two-thirds of them have the HLA-B57 allele.

12
Q

HIV is

A

a non transforming retrovirus

slow acting

13
Q

______ is an HIV coreceptor

A

CCR5

14
Q

HLA-B57 allele.

A

elite controllers

15
Q

non transforming virus means

A

no oncogene

16
Q

SET Point

A

Variable viral titer concentration of HIV after immune system responds to HIV.

The virus does not completely go down like normal virus

17
Q

T cell number cut off for AIDs

A

200

below 200 you will experience opportunistic infections

18
Q

HIV viral structure

A
RNA
reverse trascriptase 
bilayer lipid membrane (human) 
gp120 
gp41
19
Q

The only good thing about HIV virus structure?

A

Bilayer lipid membrane from humans
Once this dries out, its dead
Doesn’t survive well in environment

20
Q

T helper cells have ___ on the surface

A

CD4

21
Q

_____ from HIV binds the CD4 of Th

A

gp120

22
Q

______ from HIV invades the CD4 Th

A

gp41

23
Q

One Fate of an HIV infected cell is?

A

To die.

Being ripped apart by virus leaving with it’s membrane at a high rate

24
Q

Viral Resivoir

A

Tfh cells

25
Q

Tfh cells

A

a distinct subset of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells that regulate the development of antigen specific B cell immunity.

26
Q

If the cell does not die or become reservoir for HIV, then…..

A

There is latent infection

27
Q

gp120 and gp41 stud the infected cell’s membrane before

A

the virus buds

28
Q

gp120 grabs the ___ adjacent cell and fuse them

A

Th

This lets the HIV virus pass internally
No exposure to antibody

29
Q

Reverse transcriptas has ____ rates of mutation

A

very high

Mutates every cycle of replication, making it hard to fight

30
Q

CCR5d32

A

Have resistance to HIV
Th get infected less
North European Caucasians have 11% allele frequency

31
Q

Antibody to HIV peaks by ________

A

9-12 weeks

32
Q

The most common test is for _______ to HIV

A

antibody

33
Q

Reverse transcriptase (RT) is unique to retroviruses, using their RNA template to create DNA, so it’s a _________

A

good drug target.

34
Q

Elite Controllers have

A

really well controlled HIV infection

Almost all HLAB57

35
Q

HLAB57 is very good to

A

presenting HIV antigens/peptides

Make very good CTLs

36
Q

HLAB57 develop ______ to a specific drug

A

Delayed hypersensitivity to abacavir (an HIV treatment)

37
Q

HIV diagnosis

A

ELISA- many false positives
Followed up with western blot for + tests

PCR- very sensitive

38
Q

______ is an approved DIY HIV test, available in stores

A

OraQuick

Tests IgG in the mouth (crivicular fluid)

39
Q

NRTI

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

40
Q

Anti retroviral therapy

A

3 drug cocktail:

2 competitive inhibitors
1 non-nucleoside (NNRTI)

41
Q

HIV vaccine problem

A

Same problem as flu

May neutralize 1 HIV, but not many of the other viruses

42
Q

bnAb

A

bnAbs have been found, they are rare, only found in a subgroup, take years to develop, and are extensively hypermutated; no method exists now for induction of these Abs by immunization

43
Q

The CD4 binding site of gp120 usually _____

A

does not mutate (and still be HIV)

44
Q

The CD4 binding site of gp120 can be selected for by _____

A

bnAbs

*may be useful for vaccine development