DD- Virology of Ebola

Question 1

Ebola

Answer 1

rare and deadly disease caused by infection with a strain of Ebola virus.

Question 2

Ebola causes

Answer 2

Hemorrhage from DIC

Question 3

Filoviruses

Answer 3

encode their genome in the form of single-stranded negative-sense RNA.

2 members are Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

Question 4

20% of people with ebola in recent outbreak are

Answer 4

health care workers

Question 5

Ebola usually comes from

Answer 5

epizootic cycle

Question 6

Ebola often is caused by ____ (animal)

Answer 6

fruit bat

which can spread to other animals/humans

Question 7

Ebola outbreaks result from spillover events from animal reservoirs with subsequent ____________ transmission

Answer 7

human-to-human

Question 8

Ebola Structure

Answer 8

Enveloped, negative-strand RNA, replicates in the cytoplasm

Question 9

Ebola Enters body through:

Answer 9

mucosal surfaces or cuts to the skin

Question 10

Ebola initially enters phagocytic cells, sends signal for more cells to come, which facilitates infecting those cells; also spreads efficiently when cells go to lymph nodes, which allows ebola to infect more _________

Answer 10

immune cells

Question 11

After someone is infected with ebola, it is believed that he/she is________from future
infections; antibodies found out to 10 years after infection

Answer 11

protected

Question 12

Antibody response to the surface glycoprotein on ebola is associated with ____

Answer 12

better survival

Question 13

Ebola initially enters phagocytic cells, sends signal for more cells to come, which facilitates infecting those cells; also spreads efficiently when cells go to _______, which allows ebola to infect more immune cells

Answer 13

lymph nodes

Question 14

Ebola has many ways to evade the human immune system

Answer 14

Glycoprotein (surface)
Glycoprotein (secreted)
VP35 and VP24

Question 15

EBOLA:
Masks antibody binding sites/ highly variable/dispensible

Physically blocks the MHC and other cell surface proteins in order to block their role in triggering an immune response

Answer 15

Glycoprotein (surface)

Question 16

Ebola initially enters ________, sends signal for more cells to come, which facilitates infecting those cells; also spreads efficiently when cells go to lymph nodes, which allows ebola to infect more immune cells

Answer 16

phagocytic cells

Question 17

EBOLA:

secreted by the cell, act as decoys; antibodies against ______ aren’t very good at neutralizing the virus

Answer 17

Glycoprotein (secreted)

Question 18

EBOLA:
both interfere with the cell’s interferon production, which plays a role in signaling for “help” and also inhibits the cell from apoptosis

Answer 18

VP35 and VP24

Question 19

Initial cytokine release signaling for more immune cells to come to the area of initial infection, helps:______

Answer 19

ebola to spread

Question 20

______ is the genetic material for Ebola

Answer 20

RNA

Question 21

Found on viral envelope (also a secreted form)

Function: attachment and entry, key for pathogenicity

Answer 21

Glycoprotein = GP

Question 22

Main part of virion/matrix, plays a role in virus structure, stability, assembly and budding

Answer 22

VP40:

Question 23

Assembly, budding, nucleocapsid assembly, immune defense

Answer 23

VP24

Question 24

Form the nucleocapsid (capsule around the genetic material/nucleus)

Answer 24

Nucleocapsid and nucleoprotein = VP30 and nucleoproteins

Question 25

Ebola spead/infection

Answer 25

Only need a few virions for infection Travels in immune cells (white cells) to regional lymph nodes where it replicates and spreads throughout the body

Question 26

In the cell, ebola induces a massive:

Answer 26

“cytokine storm” These molecules destroy vessel walls, also induce disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - shock Causes a dysregulated immune response

Question 27

Get leakage of fluids and blood leading to severe fluid losses and possibly bleeding Hypovolemic shock Organ failure due to hypovolemia and/or direct destruction from virus

Answer 27

Effects of Ebola in vessel cell walls

Question 28

People Die from ebola with________ +/- end-organ failure

Answer 28

hypovolemia (Don’t die from hemorrhage) Patients can lose 5-10 liters of fluid/day through “effluent” (vomit, diarrhea)

Question 29

hypovolemia

Answer 29

state of decreased blood volume

Question 30

These molecules destroy vessel walls, also induce disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - shock Causes a dysregulated immune response

Answer 30

“cytokine storm”

Question 31

Effects of Ebola in vessel wall

Answer 31

Get leakage of fluids and blood leading to severe fluid losses and possibly bleeding Hypovolemic shock Organ failure due to hypovolemia and/or direct destruction from virus

Question 32

Interfere with a cell’s signaling pathway that alerts immune cells that it’s infected

Answer 32

VP35 and VP24

Question 33

EBOLA Incubation is _______days after exposure, but usually 6-10 days – NOT contagious until symptomatic

Answer 33

2-21

Question 34

monoclonal antibodies against 3 targets on GP

Answer 34

Zmapp | Drugs for Ebola

Question 35

targets DNA viruses, nucleotide analogue, found to have in vitro efficacy against Ebola; a few of those treated in the US received it

Answer 35

Brincidovovir Drugs being studied for ebola

Question 36

under development in Japan for influenza, nucleotide analogue for RNA

Answer 36

Favipiravir Drugs being studied for ebola

Question 37

Ebola Rx | Management is symptomatic by

Answer 37

``` o Fluid repletion o Electrolyte corrections o Renal replacement, ventilation o Need critical care o Need to isolate patients ```

Question 38

Symptoms of Ebola

Answer 38

GI, fever, fatigue/weakness; very similar to | other illness which are common (malaria, typhoid, dysentery)

Question 39

After initial Ebola infection of phagocytes, then goes to infect many other cells/organs in the body including:

Answer 39

endothelial cells liver spleen lungs

Question 40

EBOLA: Once in the cell, induces a massive cytokine storm – cytokines and similar molecules destory vascular endothelium, induce _________

Answer 40

disseminated intravascular coaculation (DIC)