DD- MEDICAL MYCOLOGY

Question 1

Fungi are _______ to bacteria, and thus, are largely insensitive to antibacterial antibiotics.

Answer 1

unrelated

Question 2

_____ are eukaryotic, aerobic, unicellular or filamentous, heterotrophic organisms encased in a rigid cell wall

Answer 2

Fungi

Question 3

Fungi may reproduce by _________means, and the nature reproduction is used in classification

Answer 3

sexual and/or asexual

Question 4

As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain membrane bound organelles including
nuclei, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and _____

Answer 4

lysosomes.

Question 5

Fungi lack ______and are not photosynthetic (autotrophic) like plants and algae, but instead obtain necessary organic substrates from their surroundings.

Answer 5

chlorophyll

Question 6

Fungi have _____walls

Answer 6

rigid cell

Question 7

Fungi have cell walls contain chitin (a material also found in the exoskeleton of insects) and also _______ (a material found in plant matter).

Answer 7

cellulose

Question 8

Fungi also have a cell membrane inside of the cell wall which contains ______.

Answer 8

ergosterol

Question 9

As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain membrane bound organelles including
______, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes.

Answer 9

nuclei

Question 10

Fungal species may be subclassified as (4)

Answer 10

saprobes
symbionts
commensals
parasites

Question 11

________live upon dead and decaying organic matter.

Answer 11

Saprobes

Question 12

Fungi have cell walls contain ______ (a material also found in the exoskeleton of insects) and also cellulose (a material found in plant matter).

Answer 12

chitin

Question 13

As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain _____

Answer 13

membrane bound organelles

Question 14

_______live upon another organism to the mutual advantage of both.

Answer 14

Symbionts

Question 15

______live upon another organism with no detriment to the host.

Answer 15

Commensals

Question 16

_______live upon another organism with clear detriment to the host.

Answer 16

Parasites

Question 17

YEAST - a ______ growth form

Answer 17

unicellular

Question 18

MOLDS - a ______growth form

Answer 18

filamentous

Question 19

the fungus reproduces via budding

to form blastoconidia, or by dividing in half through fission

Answer 19

YEAST- unicellular

Question 20

the fungus reproduces via formation of spores or conidia. These filamentous elements are called hyphae.

Answer 20

MOLDS- filamentous

Question 21

A mass of hyphae is referred to collectively as:.

Answer 21

mycelium

Question 22

Septa divide hyphae into ______, but do not strictly divide the fungus into “cells,”

Answer 22

compartments

Question 23

_______ are simply elongated yeast linked together like sausages

Answer 23

Pseudohyphae

• DO NOT have cytoplasmic connections

Question 24

specialized from of hyphal elements that grow like roots from larger hyphae

Answer 24

rhizoids

Question 25

demonstrate complete cell walls that | subdivide the hyphae into compartments

Answer 25

SEPTA – septate hyphae *subdivisions are NOT equivalent to “cells,”

Question 26

asexual spores usually borne off of specialized aerial hyphae

Answer 26

CONIDIA large and multinucleated (macroconidia) or small and unicellular (microconidia)

Question 27

similar to macroconidia, except that the asexual spores are enclosed in a membranous sac that breaks and the entire structure is borne by a sporangiphore

Answer 27

SPORANGIA

Question 28

thick-walled, round spores that | are highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions.

Answer 28

CHLAMYDOSPORES

Question 29

like chlamydospores, arthrospores develop along the hyphae, but in general they are more numerous and elongated, often with a shape likened to a “barrel.”

Answer 29

ARTHROSPORES

Question 30

large, asexual spores that develop during the yeast phase of some organisms growth. The yeast form of the dimorphic fungus spherules in tissue that are filled with endospores

Answer 30

SPHERULES

Question 31

yeasts that bud asymmetrically are said to form:

Answer 31

BLASTOCONIDIA

Question 32

thick-walled, environmentally protective forms of yeast that are produced by some medically-relevant fungi that reproduce by fission

Answer 32

SCLEROTIC BODIES

Question 33

250,000 known forms of fungus, but only about ______ which are implicated in disease of humans

Answer 33

100-150

Question 34

medically-relevant fungi are divided simply into:

Answer 34

1. Superficial fungal infections | 2. Deep fungal infections/Systemic mycoses

Question 35

The three most common superficial fungal infections include:

Answer 35

dermatophytes, Candida and Pityrosporum species.

Question 36

defined as a group of hyphal fungi that utilizes keratin as a substrate for growth.

Answer 36

DERMATOPHYTES

Question 37

a non-dermatophyte yeast that prefers the glucose of interstitial fluids for growth.

Answer 37

CANDIDA

Question 38

yeast that prefers breakdown products of sebum (“skin oil”)

Answer 38

PITYROSPORUM

Question 39

dermatophytes, Candida and Pityrosporum species are

Answer 39

The three most common superficial fungal infections

Question 40

The presence of ______ in fungal cell membranes, and its absence in animal cell membranes, makes it a useful target for antifungal drugs

Answer 40

ergosterol

Question 41

bind with ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, and react with animal sterols to much lesser extent

Answer 41

POLYENES fungicidal

Question 42

binds to ergosterol, creating a pore in the fungal membrane, which causes ions and other molecules to leak out of the cell common medication for life-threatening fungal infections.

Answer 42

Amphotericin B

Question 43

inhibit the enzyme, 14α-demethylase. This enzyme converts lanosterol to ergosterol, and it is required in fungal cell membrane synthesis.

Answer 43

imidazole and triazole antifungals

Question 44

interfere with cytochrome P450 enzymes, | leading to potentially fatal drug interactions with certain medications

Answer 44

imidazole and triazole antifungals

Question 45

inhibit the enzyme squalene epoxidase, another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis. The inhibition of this enzyme leads to accumulation of squalene within the fungal cell and this is directly toxic, making these agents fungicidal, rather than fungistatic.

Answer 45

ALLYLAMINES/BENZYLAMINES

Question 46

inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell walls of some fungi, probably via inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase.

Answer 46

ECHINOCANDINS

Question 47

inhibits fungal cell mitosis by disrupting mitotic spindle formation, a critical step in cellular division.

Answer 47

Griseofulvin

Question 48

interrupts DNA synthesis, inhibiting fungal | growth.

Answer 48

Flucytosine

Question 49

chelate polyvalent metal cations, such as Fe3+ and Al3+ leading to inhibition of many different fungal enzymes,

Answer 49

Ciclopirox olamine