Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Apex Review > Cellular communication 6 > Flashcards

Cellular communication 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The brain synthesizes its own histamine from

A

L-histidine (an amino acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

One major metabolite of histamine, _______________, can be measured in the urine to determine the amount of histamine that has been released systemically.

A

imidazole acetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What enzymatic reaction is present in ALL biogenic amine neurotransmitter biosynthesis?

A

decarboxylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biogenic amine neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic clefty by

A

reuptake into the presynaptic terminal or uptake into non-neuronal cells and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adrenergic receptors are divided into three main classes with three subtypes each:

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Serotonergic neurons play a vital role in

A

sleep & wakefulness
emotions
cognition
CV
respiratory
& intestinal activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Derangements of serotonergic pathways contribute to

A

anxiety
depression
mania
schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

______________________________- is the target of antagonists that are used to treat postoperative or cancer-chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

A

the ionotropic 5-HT3 serotonin receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Histaminergic neurons play a role in

A

arousal and attention
memory
learning
mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

L-tyrosine is present in all ______________ and can be synthesized from __________

A

food products; phenylalanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tyrosine is converted into __________ by the rate limiting enzyme _____________-

A

dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
tyrosine hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes

A

Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Overactive D2-like receptors are implicated in the pathogenesis of

A

schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two major groups of adrenergic (Epi) neurons have been identified in the CNS:

A

the rostral ventrolateral medulla
the nucleus tractus solitarius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, NE is released from most

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons onto the target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, epinephrine is released from

A

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla into the circulation in response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

All adrenergic receptors are

A

metabotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the alpha 1 subclasses?

A

alpha1A, alpha1B, alpha1D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the alpha 2 subclasses?

A

alpha2A, alpha2B, alpha2C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the beta subclasses?

A

b1, b2, b3

21
Q

The adrenergic classes are distinguished by their relative sensitivity to

A

isoproterenol

22
Q

Isoproterenol activates _____________receptors, whereas ______________ receptors are very poorly activated by isoproterenol.

A

beta-adrenergic receptors; alpha-adrenergic receptors

23
Q

Activation of presynaptic alpha-2 receptors results in _______________- of NE release

A

inhibition

24
Q

Three of the four main classes of serotonin receptors are metabotropic and include:

A

5HT1
5HT2
5HT4

25
Q

The brain cells synthesize their own histamine from the amino acid

A

L-histidine

26
Q

Histidine is ________ to form histamine

A

decarboxylated

27
Q

Histamine receptor subtypes are

A

metabotropic

28
Q

The largest concentration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain is in what structure?

A

substantia nigra

29
Q

What is the substrate for nitric oxide synthase?
a. L-citrulline
b. nitric oxide
c. L-arginine
d. guanosine triphosphate

A

c. L-arginine

30
Q

ATP, ADP, and adenosine are __________neurotransmitters

A

purinergic

31
Q

Purinergic receptors are

A

both ionotropic (P2X family) and metabotropic (P1, & P2Y families)

32
Q

Most neuropeptides are _______ with other transmitters

A

co-released

33
Q

All neuropeptides act on ___________ receptors, and most often induce

A

metabotropic; alterations in the excitability of postsynaptic cells

34
Q

Nitric oxide is a universal intercellular messenger acting as both an

A

autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule

35
Q

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) converts

A

L-arginine to L-citrulline and NO

36
Q

Many effects of NO are mediated locally by soluble

A

guanylyl cyclase which produces cGMP from GTP

37
Q

NO plays a role in

A

central sensitization to pain

38
Q

At body temperature, NO is a small, lipid-soluble _______

A

gas that easily permeates lipid membranes, “soaking” the surrounding tissue cells

39
Q

Conventional neurotransmitters are stored in _______- and released as

A

synaptic vessels; released as quanta by Ca2+ dependent exocytosis

40
Q

Nonconventional neurotransmitters cannot be stored in

A

vesicles and thus are synthesized and released on demand

41
Q

Purine & pyrimidine nucleotides are key elements in cell physiology because they have the follwoign roles:

A

precursors of DNA & RNA
components of enzymes
energy currency
allosteric modulators of enzymes
second messengers
auto- and paracrine first messengers

42
Q

Purine bases are

A

adenine (A) and guanosine (G)

43
Q

Pyrimidine bases are

A

cytosine (C), thymidine (T), and uracil (U)

44
Q

A nucleotide is a molecule composed of a

A

5-carbon sugar (a pentose)
a nitrogenous base
& at least one phosphate group

45
Q

A nucleoside is a molecule composed of a

A

pentose and a nitrogenous base with no phosphate group

46
Q

Adenosine plays a role in the

A

sleep/wake state
-increased promote sleep

47
Q

A strong increase in ______________ levels in the extracellular fluid is an emergency signal indicating an acute oxygen deficiency (stroke, angina pectoris, MI)

A

adenosine

48
Q

Purinergic neurotransmitters are metabolized to ____ to terminate effects.

A

5’AMP

Apex Review (224 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions