Fluids, Electrolytes, & acid-base

Question 1

What is the plasma volume of a 70-kg male?
a. 3 L
b. 5 L
c. 7 L
d. 9 L

Answer 1

a. 3 L

Question 2

TBW in an adult is

Answer 2

42 L

Question 3

How much of total body weight is intracellular volume?

Answer 3

40% or 28 L

Question 4

What are the major ions of intracellular volume?

Answer 4

K+, Mg2+, phosphate

Question 5

How much of total body weight is extracellular volume?

Answer 5

20% or 14 L

Question 6

What are the major ions of extracellular volume?

Answer 6

Na+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3-

Question 7

How much of total body weight does interstital fluid make up?

Answer 7

16% or 11 L

Question 8

How much of total body weight does plasma fluid make up?

Answer 8

4% or 3 L

Question 9

_______- have the highest TBW.

Answer 9

Neonates

Question 10

The following have the lowest total body weight:

Answer 10

females
the elderly
obese

Question 11

_________ dictates the passive exchange of water between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid.

Answer 11

Starling forces

Question 12

_____________ forms a protective layer on the interior wall of the blood vessel. Disruption of this contributes to ____________

Answer 12

endothelial glycocalyx; capillary leak

Question 13

The _____________ is a fluid scavenger that removes fluid, protein, bacteria, and debris that has entered the interstitium

Answer 13

Lymphatic system

Question 14

Edema occurs when the rate

Answer 14

of interstitial fluid accumulation exceeds the rate of removal by the lymphatic system

Question 15

What is the rule of total body water?

Answer 15

60/40/20 (15/5)
60%- water represents 60% of total body weight
40% of TBW is intracellular fluid
20% is extracellular fluid
15% is interstitial fluid
5% is plasma fluid

Question 16

Forces that move fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space include

Answer 16

capillary hydrostatic pressure
interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 17

Forces that move fluid from the interstitial space into the capillary include

Answer 17

interstitial hydrostatic pressure
capillary oncotic pressure

Question 18

Conditions that impair the integrity of the glycocalyx include

Answer 18

sepsis
ischemia
DM
major vascular surgery

Question 19

Blood volume is the sums of

Answer 19

plasma volume and blood cell volume

Question 20

The hematocrit is the fraction of blood volume that is occupied by

Answer 20

erythrocytes

Question 21

Hematocrit is increased by

Answer 21

an increased number of RBCs or a decreased plasma volume (hypovolemia)

Question 22

Fluid that accumulates in a potential space is called

Answer 22

an effusion

Question 23

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane is

Answer 23

osmosis

Question 24

The number of osmoles per kilogram of solution is

Answer 24

osmolality

Question 25

The number of osmoles per liter of solution is

Answer 25

osmolarity

Question 26

The pressure of a solution against a semipermeable membrane that prevents water from diffusing across that membrane is

Answer 26

osmotic pressure

Question 27

Water travels from areas of ________- to areas of ____________

Answer 27

lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration

Question 28

____________ is the net movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a fully permeable membrane

Answer 28

Diffusion

Question 29

Osmotic pressure is NOT a function of

Answer 29

their molecular weights

Question 30

________ is the number of osmotically active particles in a solution

Answer 30

An osmole

Question 31

Calculate the plasma osmolarity. Sodium= 150 mEq/L Glucose= 108 g/dL BUN 14 mg/dL

Answer 31

311 mOsm/L Plasma osmolarity= (Na+ x 2) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)

Question 32

Normal plasma osmolarity is

Answer 32

280-290 mOsm/L

Question 33

The most important determinant of plasma osmolarity is

Answer 33

sodium

Question 34

Conditions that increase osmolarity include

Answer 34

hypernatremia hyperglycemia uremia

Question 35

What is the equation to calculate plasma osmolarity?

Answer 35

Plasma osmolarity= 2[Na+] + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8

Question 36

Rank the tonicity for each fluid from highest to lowest: NaCl 3% D5W D5 + NaCl 0.45% Albumin 5%

Answer 36

NaCl 3%, D5 + NaCl 0.45%, Albumin 5%, D5W

Question 37

__________ solutions have an osmolarity lower than the plasma

Answer 37

hypotonic

Question 38

__________ solutions have an osmolarity roughly equal to the plasma

Answer 38

Isotonic

Question 39

____________ solutions have an osmolarity higher than the plasma

Answer 39

Hypertonic

Question 40

Tonicity compares the

Answer 40

osmolarity of a solution relative to the osmolarity of the plasma

Question 41

Hypotonic solutions will cause the cell to

Answer 41

swell

Question 42

Hypertonic solutions will cause the cell to

Answer 42

shrink

Question 43

Examples of hypotonic solutions include

Answer 43

NaCl 0.45% D5W

Question 44

Examples of isotonic solutions include

Answer 44

NaCl 0.9% LR plasmalyte A albumin 5% voluven 6% hespan 6%

Question 45

Examples of hypertonic solutions include

Answer 45

NaCl 3% D5 NaCl 0.9% D5 NaCl 0.45% D5 LR Dextran 10%

Question 46

NaCl can cause ___________ if it is given in large amounts

Answer 46

hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis