Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Apex Review > Kidney 3 > Flashcards

Kidney 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main components of the nephron?

A

the glomerulus
renal tubule where filtered fluid becomes urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule form a united structure called the

A

renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The initial process of glomerular filtration begins

A

in the renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____________ is the driving force that pushes fluid from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule

A

the net filtration pressue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The net filtration pressure is equal to

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure- Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure- glomerular oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the difference between mild versus excessive constriction of the efferent arteriole.

A

mild constriction reduces flow towards the peritubular capillaries and increases GFR
excessive constriction reduces renal blood flow as well as GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe maximum transport.

A

For some substances, there’s a maximum amount that can be reabsorbed into the peritubular blood. After the maximum value is achieved, the excess substance will be excreted in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Urine formation is the

A

sum of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urinary excretion rate is equal to

A

filtration - reabsorption + secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does MOST of the sodium reabsorption occur in the nephron?
a. proximal tubule
b. distal tubule
c. collecting duct
d. ascending loop of Henle

A

a. proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____________ of the filtered sodium load is actively transported out of the proximal tubule and the same amount of filtered water follows

A

65% (much more than anywhere else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The following follow suit in direct proportion to sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule

A

potassium
chloride
bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to

A

water and modestly permeable to ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_________________ participates in the countercurrent system where the primary objective is to concentrate the urine by transferring water from the tubular fluid to the peritubular interstitium and ultimately returning it to the blood

A

The descending limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

______________ is impermeable to water

A

the ascending limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Since water cannot follow sodium into peritubular interstitium, the ultrafiltrate

A

becomes more dilute and the peritubular becomes concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The distal tubule is where _______ of the sodium load is reabsorbed.

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____________ is impermeable to water except in the presence of aldosterone or antidiuretic hormone

A

the late distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The following work in the collecting duct

A

ADH, aldosterone, & ANP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reabsorption of electrolytes requires _________ while reabsorption of water occurs by

A

energy in the form of ATP; osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The following are secreted into the proximal tubule by the sodium counter-transport mechanism

A

organic bases, acids, and hydrogen ions

22
Q

The primary function of the loop of Henle is to

A

participate in forming concentrated or dilute urine

23
Q

the loop of Henle separates

A

the handling of sodium & water (where sodium goes, water does NOT follow)

24
Q

The osmolarity of the peritubular interstitium progressively

A

increases as the descending limb travels from the cortex towards the medulla

25
Q

_________– adjusts urea concentration

A

Distal convoluted tubule

26
Q

__________ regulates the final concentration of urine

A

Collecting duct

27
Q

The collecting duct adjusts_____________- concentration

A

hydrogen

28
Q

Where does aldosterone and ADH act on the nephron?

A

distal tubule & collecting ducts

29
Q

Where in the nephron does parathyroid hormone promote Ca2+ reabsorption?

A

distal tubules

30
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work by

A

noncompetitively inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the cells that make up the proximal tubule

31
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce the reabsorption of

A

bicarb, na+ & water

32
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors produce

A

a mild hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

33
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used to treat

A

high altitude sickness
central sleep apnea
open-angle glaucoma

34
Q

Osmotic diuretics are sugars that undergo

A

filtration but not reabsorption

35
Q

Osmotic diuretics inhibit water reabsorption in the

A

proximal tubule (primary site) as well as the loop of Henle

36
Q

With osmotic diuretics describe the ratio of water and electrolyte excretion.

A

water in excess of electrolytes

37
Q

Osmotic diuretics transiently increase

A

intravascular volume

38
Q

Osmotic diuretics can lead to ____________ in the patient with congestive heart failure

A

pulmonary edema

39
Q

Loop diuretics work by

A

disrupting the Na-K-2Cl transporter in the medullary region of the thick portion of the ascending loop of Henle

40
Q

Key complications of loop diuretics include

A

hypokalemia
hypocalcemia
metabolic alkalosis
ototoxicity

41
Q

______________ inhibit the Na-Cl co-transporter in the distal tubule

A

Thiazides

42
Q

Unique side effects of thiazide diuretic include

A

hypercalcemia
hyperuricemia
hyperglycemia

43
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics are designed to prevent

A

hypokalemia- but can be problematic b/c it leads to hyperkalemia which is a problem for patients who take NSAIDs, beta-blockers, or ACE-inhibitors

44
Q

Examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors include

A

acetazolamide
dorzolamide

45
Q

Complications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor includes

A

metabolic acidosis
hypokalemia
in patients with COPD, loss of bicarb in the urine may exacerbate CNS depression from severe hypercarbia

46
Q

Dose of acetazolamide:

A

250-500 mg

47
Q

Osmotic diuretics include

A

mannitol
glycerin
isosorbide

48
Q

______________ is a free radical scavenger

A

Mannitol- may limit cellular edema & decrease obstruction of renal tubules

49
Q

The dose of mannitol is

A

0.25-1 g/kg

50
Q

Clinical uses of osmotic diuretics include

A

prevention of AKI- little evidence to support
intracranial hypertension
differential diagnosis of acute oliguria (mannitol increases UOP if prerenal but has no effect with intrinsic injury)

Apex Review (224 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions