Chemistry and physics

Question 1

An ion is an

Answer 1

atom that carries a positive or negative charge

Question 2

A ___________________________- involves the complete transfer of valence electron(s) from one atom to another. This leaves one atom with a negative charge and the other with a positive charge.

Answer 2

ionic bond

Question 3

_______ tend to form ionic bonds.

Answer 3

Metals
acids & bases

Question 4

____________ involves the equal sharing of electrons.

Answer 4

Covalent bonds

Question 5

A single bond is created when

Answer 5

one pair of electrons is shared

Question 6

A double bond is created when

Answer 6

two pairs of electrons are shared

Question 7

__________ describes a very weak intermolecular force that holds molecules of the same type together

Answer 7

Van der Waals’ forces

Question 8

_______________ are when atoms share electrons, but the electrons tend to remain closer to one atom than the other

Answer 8

Polar covalent bonds

Question 9

A key example of a polar covalent bond is

Answer 9

water
the region near the oxygen atom is relatively negative and the region near each hydrogen atom is relatively positive

Question 10

Molecular bonds in decreasing order of strength are

Answer 10

covalent>ionic>polar covalent

Question 11

The atom consists of the following three components:

Answer 11

protons (+ charge)
neutrons (no charge)
electrons (negative chrage)

Question 12

What parts form the nucleus of the atom?

Answer 12

protons and neutrons

Question 13

The number of ____________ in the nucleus determines the atom’s atomic number

Answer 13

protons

Question 14

The electrons in the outermost shell are called

Answer 14

valence electrons

Question 15

An incomplete shell allows

Answer 15

an atom to react with another atom

Question 16

Two or more atoms bonded together is called a

Answer 16

molecule

Question 17

A full shell makes the atom

Answer 17

non-reactive (inert)

Question 18

An atom will have a neutral charge if

Answer 18

electrons= # protons

Question 19

An atom will have a positive charge if

Answer 19

electrons <# protons

Question 20

An atom will have a negative charge if

Answer 20

electrons> #protons

Question 21

An atom with a positive charge (it has lost electrons) is called a

Answer 21

cation

Question 22

An atom with a negative charge (it has gained electrons) is called an

Answer 22

anion

Question 23

Dalton’s law is about

Answer 23

gas pressures; it says that the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture

Question 24

Dalton’s law equation is

Answer 24

Ptotal= P1+ P2 + P3

Question 25

Applications of Dalton’s law:

Answer 25

calculate the pressure of an unmeasured gas
calculate the total pressure of a gas mixture
convert partial pressure to volumes percent
convert volumes to partial pressure

Question 26

What is the equation to convert a partial pressure to volumes percent with a liquid?

Answer 26

volume of solute/volume of solution x100

Question 27

What is the equation to convert a partial pressure to volumes percent of a gas?

Answer 27

partial pressure/total pressure x 100

Question 28

At sea level, the agent monitor measures the end-tidal isoflurane as 8 mmHg. Convert this to volumes percent.

Answer 28

8 mmHg/760 mmHg x100= 1%

Question 29

What is the equation to convert volumes percent to a partial pressure?

Answer 29

partial pressure = (volumes %/ 100) x total pressure

Question 30

At sea level the agent monitor measures the end-tidal sevoflurane as 2%. What is the partial pressure of sevoflurane in the exhaled tidal volume?

Answer 30

15.2 mmHg

Question 31

Which component of the oxygen delivery equation is MOST affected by Henry’s law?
a. cardiac output
b. hemoglobin
c. arterial oxygen saturation
d. PaO2

Answer 31

PaO2

Question 32

Henry’s law is about

Answer 32

gas solubility

Question 33

Henry’s law states that at

Answer 33

a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution

Question 34

Applications of Henry’s Law includes

Answer 34

anesthetic emergence is prolonged in the hypothermic patient
overpressuring the vaporizer
increasing the FiO2 increases the PaO2

Question 35

Fick’s law of diffusion describes the

Answer 35

transfer rate of a gas through a tissue medium

Question 36

Applications of Fick’s law include

Answer 36

cardiac output calculation
placental drug transfer
diffusion hypoxia
a patient with severe OCPD has a slower rate of inhalation induction

Question 37

Graham’s law says that the

Answer 37

molecular weight of a gas determines how fast it can diffuse through a membrane

Question 38

___________ molecules tend to diffuse faster than ________ molecules

Answer 38

smaller; larger

Question 39

The higher the gas pressure the

Answer 39

more it will dissolve into a liquid

Question 40

How does temperature affect solubility?

Answer 40

increased temperature decreases solubility
lower temperature increases solubility

Question 41

What is the solubility coefficient of oxygen?

Answer 41

0.003 mL/dL/mmHg

Question 42

What is the solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide?

Answer 42

0.067 mL/dL/mmHg

Question 43

CO2 is ________times more soluble than O2

Answer 43

20x

Question 44

What is the oxygen delivery equation?

Answer 44

Do2= Co x [(1.34 x Hgb x SpO2)] + (PaO2 x 0.003)] x 10

Question 45

The rate of transfer of gas in directly proportional to

Answer 45

partial pressure difference (driving force)
diffusion coefficient (solubility)
membrane surface area

Question 46

The rate of transfer of gas is inversely proportional to

Answer 46

membrane thickness
molecular weight

Question 47

Applications of Graham’s law include

Answer 47

second gas effect- using N2O to hasten the onset of a volatile anesthetic (the second gas)
high fresh gas flow is turbulent as it passes through the annular space (determined by the gas’s density)