Kidney

Question 1

All of the structures reside in the renal cortex EXCEPT the:
a. distal tubule
b. collecting duct
c. glomerulus
d. proximal tubule

Answer 1

b. collecting duct

Question 2

The twin bean-shaped kidneys reside in the

Answer 2

retroperitoneal space between the levels of T12 and L3

Question 3

The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 3

nephron

Question 4

The kidney can be divided into two parts:

Answer 4

renal cortex
renal medulla

Question 5

renal medulla consists of

Answer 5

the loops of Henle & collecting ducts

Question 6

The renal cortex includes

Answer 6

the glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
proximal tubules
distal tubules

Question 7

____________– is an indentation that provides the point of entry and exit for the renal artery, renal vein, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters

Answer 7

the hilium

Question 8

The ___- surrounds the glomerulus

Answer 8

Bowman’s capsule

Question 9

The kidney produces (Select 3):
a. calcitriol
b. antidiuretic hormone
c. aldosterone
d. renin
e. erythropoietin
f. angiotensinogen

Answer 9

a. calcitriol
d. renin
e. erythropoietin

Question 10

The kidney has ______ major functions

Answer 10

6

Question 11

The six major functions of the kidney include

Answer 11

1. maintenance of extracellular volume and composition
2. blood pressure regulation (long- and intermediate-term)
3. excretion of toxins and metabolites
4. maintenance of acid-base balance
5. hormone production (erythropoietin, calcitriol, prostaglandins)
6. blood glucose homeostasis

Question 12

__________________ reduces EPO production and leads to chronic anemia

Answer 12

Severe kidney disease

Question 13

The lungs and the kidneys are the primary regulators of _______________ where the lungs excrete ________, and the kidneys excrete ____________

Answer 13

acid-base balance; volatile acids (Co2), & the kidneys excrete non-volatile acids

Question 14

Inadequate oxygen delivery to the kidney causes it to release

Answer 14

erythropoietin

Question 15

Clinical examples that lead to an increase in erythropoietin include

Answer 15

anemia
reduced intravascular volume
& hypoxia (high altitude, cardiac & pulmonary failure

Question 16

Low blood calcium level increases __________ release which increases the ___________ level

Answer 16

parathyroid hormone release which increases the serum calcitriol

Question 17

___________ controls extracellular fluid volume (Na+ and water are reabsorbed together)

Answer 17

Aldosterone

Question 18

________ controls plasma osmolarity (water is reabsorbed, but Na+ is not)

Answer 18

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 19

the kidneys regulate

Answer 19

potassium
chloride
phosphate
magnesium
hydrogen
bicarbonate
glucose
urea

Question 20

Long-term control of BP is carried out by the

Answer 20

thirst mechanism (intake) and sodium and water excretion (output)

Question 21

Short-term control of BP is carried out by the

Answer 21

baroreceptor reflex

Question 22

Intermediate-term control of BP is carried out by the

Answer 22

RAAS

Question 23

Renin is produced by the

Answer 23

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 24

Aldosterone is synthesized by the

Answer 24

adrenal cortex

Question 25

Glomerular filtration and tubular secretion clear the blood of

Answer 25

metabolic byproducts, toxins, and drugs

Question 26

The kidneys maintain acid-base balance by titrating hydrogen in the

Answer 26

tubular fluid which creates acidic or basic urine

Question 27

______________ vasodilate the renal arteries

Answer 27

PGE2 & PGI2

Question 28

_______ constricts the renal arteries

Answer 28

thromboxane A2

Question 29

Calcitriol affects the serum Ca2+ level in three ways:

Answer 29

stimulates the intestine to absorb Ca2+ from food instructs the kidney to reduce Ca2+ & phosphate excretion increases the deposition of Ca2+ into the bone

Question 30

Which statement BEST describes the pathway of blood through the kidney? a. glomerular capillary bed> afferent arteriole> peritubular capillary bed> efferent arteriole b. glomerulus> proximal tubule> loop of Henle> distal tubule > collecting duct c. afferent arteriole> efferent arteriole> glomerular capillary bed > peritubular capillary bed d. afferent arteriole> glomerular capillary bed> efferent arteriole> peritubular capillary bed

Answer 30

d. Afferent> glomerular> efferent> peritubular

Question 31

The kidneys receive _________ of the cardiac output

Answer 31

20-25%

Question 32

Renal blood flow is directly proportional to the difference between

Answer 32

MAP & renal venous pressure

Question 33

Renal blood flow is inversely proportional to

Answer 33

renal vascular resistance

Question 34

_____________ maintains renal blood flow within a wide range of systemic blood pressures (MAP 50-180 mmHg)

Answer 34

autoregulation

Question 35

Key contributors of renal autoregulation include

Answer 35

myogenic mechanism* tubuloglomerular feedback* (two most important) RAAS atrial natriuretic peptide prostaglandins autonomic tone

Question 36

Of the blood delivered to the kidney, only ______ is filtered at the glomerulus

Answer 36

20%

Question 37

After filtration, ________ of the ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed into the

Answer 37

99%; peritubular capillaries

Question 38

the surgical stress response includes a transient state of

Answer 38

vasoconstriction & sodium retention resulting in oliguria & edema

Question 39

Vasoconstriction during the surgical stress response predisposes the kidneys to

Answer 39

ischemic injury and the effects of nephrotoxic drugs

Question 40

In the neonate, RBF ____________ in the first two weeks of life and achieves an adult level by

Answer 40

doubles; two years of age

Question 41

______________ is more sensitive to ischemia due to a lower PO2

Answer 41

the Renal medulla

Question 42

Tubuloglomerular feedback about the _____ and _________- composition in the distal tubule affects arteriolar tone

Answer 42

sodium and chloride composition

Question 43

If the renal artery pressure is elevated, the myogenic mechanism ___________________________ to protect the glomerulus from excessive pressure

Answer 43

constricts the afferent arteriole

Question 44

The kidneys receive sympathetic innervation from

Answer 44

T8-L1

Question 45

What is more represented in the kidney SNS or PNS?

Answer 45

SNS

Question 46

How does renal blood flow change after age 50?

Answer 46

it decreases by 10% per decade

Question 47

What renal structures are innervated by the SNS?

Answer 47

afferent and efferent arterioles