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Apex Review > Chemistry and physics 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry and physics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s law is at a

A

constant temperature, the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional
as the volume decreases, the pressure increases

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2
Q

Applications of Boyle’s law include

A

diaphragm contraction increases tidal volume
pneumatic bellows used for positive-pressure ventilation
squeezing a bag valve mask
using the bourdon pressure gauge to calculate how much O2 is left in a cylinder

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3
Q

Charles’ law states that

A

at constant pressure, the temperature and volume of a gas are directly proportional
heated gas tends to expand

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4
Q

Application of Charles’ law includes

A

LMA cuff ruptures when placed in an autoclave

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5
Q

Gay-Lussac’s law states that

A

at a constant volume, the temperature and pressure of a gas are directly proportional
-heated gas tends to increase the pressure in a containe

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6
Q

Application of Gay-Lussac’s law is

A

oxygen tank explodes in a hot environment

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7
Q

The ideal gas law

A

unifies all three gas laws into a single equation

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8
Q

What is the ideal gas law?

A

PV=nRT
P= pressure
V= volume
n= number of moles
r= constant 0.0821
t= temperature

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9
Q

Boyle’s law equation is

A

P1V1=P2V2

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10
Q

Charles’ law equation is

A

V1/T1=V2/T2

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11
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law is

A

P1/T1=P2/T2

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12
Q

What is meant by “Paid TV can be great”

A

It is the mnemonic used to remind which variables remain constant in each gas law:
P= pressure, T= Temperature, V= volume, C= Charles, B=Boyles, G= Gay-Lussac

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13
Q

During laminar flow, quadrupling the radius will cause flow to increase by a factor of:

A

256

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14
Q

__________- states that the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance

A

Ohm’s law

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15
Q

Ohm’s law can be adapted to understand ______________ where flow is ________________ to the pressure gradient and ___________ to the resistance

A

fluid flow; directly proportionate; inversely proportional

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16
Q

Poiseuille’s law is a modification of Ohm’s law that incorporates

A

vessel diameter, viscosity, and tube length

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17
Q

Poiseuille’s law is also known as the

A

Hagen-Poiseuille equation

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18
Q

Altering the __________- has the greatest impact on flow

A

radius

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19
Q

Doubling the radius, increases flow by a factor of

A

16

20
Q

Applications of Poiseuille’s law include

A

selecting a large-bore IV (instead of a small one) increases flow
polycythemia reduces microvascular flow
carotid stenosis reduces flow through the carotid artery

21
Q

Flow is defined as the

A

movement of electricity, fluid, or air per unit time

22
Q

Ohm’s law can be adapted into a flow equation:

A

Flow= pressure gradient/resistance

23
Q

Poiseuille’s Law equation is

A

Q= (pie x R^4 x delta P) / 8 n x L
Q= blood flow
r= radius
delta P= arteriovenous pressure gradient (Pa-Pv)
n= viscosity
l= length of the tube

24
Q

__________ is the result of friction from intermolecular forces as fluid passes through a tube

A

Viscosity

25
Q

A fluid’s viscosity is _______________ to its temperature

A

inversely proportionate
decreased temperature increases viscosity and resistance

26
Q

When administering PRBCs, we can deliver packed RBCs faster if we:

A

increase the radius with a large-bore IV
increase the pressure gradient with a pressure bag or increase the height of the IV pole
decrease the viscosity by diluting the blood with 0.9% NaCl or running it through a fluid warmer
decrease the length by not using longer tubing than you really need

27
Q

Reynold’s umber is the LOWEST in the:
a. glottis
b. medium-sized bronchi
c. carina
d. terminal bronchioles

A

d. terminal bronchioles

28
Q

What are the three types of flow?

A

laminar
turbulent
transitional

29
Q

Reynolds’ number allows us to

A

predict the type of flow that will occur in a given situation

30
Q

Laminar flow is defined as

A

Re <2000

31
Q

All the molecules in laminar flow travel in

A

a parallel pattern

32
Q

An example of laminar flow is

A

airflow in the terminal bronchioles
blood flow in the systemic circulation

33
Q

Turbulent flow is defined as

A

Re>4,000

34
Q

All the molecules in turbulent flow travel in a

A

chaotic pattern

35
Q

Examples of turbulent flow include

A

airflow through medium-sized bronchi

36
Q

Transitional flow is defined as

A

Re= 2,000-4,000

37
Q

Transitional displays a

A

turbulent pattern in the center of the tube and a laminar pattern near the walls of the tube

38
Q

Reynolds’ number equation is

A

(density x diameter x velocity)/ viscosity

39
Q

Laminar flow is dependent on

A

gas viscosity

40
Q

Turbulent flow is dependent on

A

gas density

41
Q

With laminar flow, due to cohesive forces, the molecules in the center of the tube travel at

A

the fastest rate while the molecules near the walls of the tube travel at the slowest rate

42
Q

Turbulent flow tends to be produced by a /an:

A

orifice (change to a narrow diameter)
high gas flow
acute angle in the tube (>25 degrees)
branching in the tube

43
Q

The patient with status asthmaticus suffers from an increased airway resistance and this increases flow turbulence and the work of breathing, ________________ decreases Reynold’s number and can improve airflow when airway resistance is high

A

oxygen/helium mixture (Heliox)

44
Q

Helium does NOT improve flow if it’s

A

already laminar

45
Q

What law describes laminar flow? Why?

A

Poiseuille’s law
laminar flow is dependent on gas viscosity

46
Q

What law describes turbulent flow? Why?

A

Graham’s law. turbulent flow is dependent on gas density

47
Q

Which physical principle applies to the operation of a jet ventilator? (select 2)
a. critical pressure
b. venturi effect
c. Bernoulli principle
d. Coanda effect

A

b. venturi effect
c. Bernoulli principle

Apex Review (224 decks)

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