Chemistry and physics 3

Question 1

Bernoulli’s principle describes the relationship between

Answer 1

the pressure and velocity of a moving fluid (or gas)

Question 2

If the fluid’s velocity is ________, then the pressure exerted on the walls of the tube will be _______

Answer 2

high; low

Question 3

The Venturi effect is an application of the

Answer 3

Bernoulli principle

Question 4

As airflow in a tube moves past the point of constriction, the pressure

Answer 4

at the constriction decreases (Bernoulli principle)

Question 5

If the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then the air is

Answer 5

entrained into the tube (Venturi effect)

Question 6

Clinical applications of the Venturi effect include

Answer 6

a jet ventilator
venturi mask
nebulizer

Question 7

The Coanda effect describes how a

Answer 7

jet flow attaches itself to a nearby surface and continues to flow along that surface even when the surface curves away from the initial jet direction

Question 8

A clinical example of the Coanda effect is a

Answer 8

wall-hugging jet of mitral regurgitation

Question 9

When applied to the left ventricle, which variables are included in the law of Laplace? (select 2)
a. wall tension
b. wall thickness
c. transmural pressure
d. diameter

Answer 9

a. wall tension
b. wall thickness

Question 10

In spheres and cylinders, the law of Laplace illustrates the relationship between the

Answer 10

wall tension
internal pressure
radius

Question 11

The surface tension of a sphere equation is

Answer 11

tension= (pressure x radius)/ 2

Question 12

Examples of surface tension of a sphere include

Answer 12

alveolus
cardiac ventricle
saccular aneurysm

Question 13

The surface tension of a cylinder is

Answer 13

tension= pressure x radius

Question 14

Examples of surface tension of a cylinder include

Answer 14

blood vessels, aortic aneurysm

Question 15

Pressure is a ______ force

Answer 15

pushing force; it pushes the walls of the object apart

Question 16

Tension is a ______ force

Answer 16

pulling force; it holds the walls of the object together

Question 17

According to the law of Laplace, the tendency of an alveolus to collapse is ________ proportional to surface tension and ____________ proportional to alveolar radius

Answer 17

directly; indirectly

Question 18

Wall stress is equal to

Answer 18

wall stress= (intraventricular pressure x radius) / ventricular thickness

Question 19

When do type 2 pneumocytes begin producing surfactant?

Answer 19

22-26 weeks with peak production occurring at 35-36 weeks

Question 20

The risk of ionizing radiation exposure to the anesthesia provider is:
a. directly proportional to the square of the distance of the source
b. directly proportional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source
c. inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
d. inversely proportional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source

Answer 20

c. inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

Question 21

Ionizing radiation can remove _______ from atoms and this creates __________

Answer 21

electrons; free radicals

Question 22

Risks of ionizing radiation exposure include

Answer 22

tissue injury
chromosomal damage
malignancy

Question 23

Radiation exposure obeys the

Answer 23

inverse square law
it states that the amount of exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the source

Question 24

Most radiation exposure in the hospital is the result of

Answer 24

scattered x-rays (not direct exposure)

Question 25

What are the three ways to limit radiation exposure?

Answer 25

duration distance shielding

Question 26

The minimum safe distance from the radiation source in the OR is

Answer 26

6 feet

Question 27

The yearly maximum radiation exposure for adults is

Answer 27

5 rem

Question 28

The yearly maximum exposure for the fetus of a pregnant works is

Answer 28

0.5 rem or 0.05 rem/month

Question 29

In the non-pregnant person, the _____________ are most susceptible to injury from ionizing radiation

Answer 29

eye and thyroid

Question 30

In the pregnant person, the __________ is most vulnerable to injury

Answer 30

the fetus

Question 31

The _____- is how we quantify radiation exposure

Answer 31

roentgen (R)

Question 32

How can you quantify the amount of exposure at two different locations?

Answer 32

intensity 1/ intensity 2= distance 2^2/distance 1^2

Question 33

During a surgical procedure with fluoroscopy, the patient receives 40 mR at a distance of one foot from the radiation source. How much radiation will the anesthesia provider receive is she stands five feet from the radiation source?

Answer 33

1.6 mR

Question 34

Other methods to minimize radiation exposure include

Answer 34

do not stand in the x-ray beam's path minimize exposure time lead apron lead glasses lead shields use a dosimeter (on the shirt collar near the thyroid gland)

Question 35

List 6 locations where there's an elevated risk for a CRNA to be exposed to ionizing radiation.

Answer 35

CT nuclear medicine anywhere where fluoroscopy is used interventional radiology cath lab electrophysiology

Question 36

The number of calories required to convert one gram of liquid to vapor without a temperature change in the liquid is called the: a. latent heat of vaporization b. boiling point c. critical temperature d. specific

Answer 36

a. latent heat of vaporization

Question 37

____________- is the process where compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state at a temperature below its boiling point

Answer 37

Evaporation

Question 38

_______occurs when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure

Answer 38

Boiling

Question 39

__________- is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

Answer 39

Specific heat

Question 40

____________ is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase inside of a closed container

Answer 40

Vapor pressure

Question 41

___________________ is the number of calories required to convert 1 gram of liquid to vapor without a temperature change in the liquid

Answer 41

Latent heat of vaporization

Question 42

The Joule-Thompson effect explains why

Answer 42

an oxygen cylinder that is opened quickly feels cool to the touch

Question 43

_____________ is the highest temperature where a gas can exist as a liquid

Answer 43

Critical temperature

Question 44

Nitrous oxide and CO2 exists as liquids in an E cylinder because

Answer 44

their critical temperatures are above room temperature

Question 45

_______________ is the minimum pressure required to convert a gas to a liquid at its critical temperature

Answer 45

Critical pressure

Question 46

Evaporation can occur when vapor pressure is _________- atmospheric pressure

Answer 46

less than

Question 47

Boiling occurs when vapor pressure _______________ atmospheric pressure

Answer 47

equals

Question 48

Higher atmospheric pressure leads to

Answer 48

a higher boiling point

Question 49

Vapor pressure is directly proportional to

Answer 49

temperature

Question 50

Vaporization is the

Answer 50

process by which a liquid is converted to a gas. This requires energy (heat)

Question 51

What is adiabatic process?

Answer 51

describes a process that occurs without gain or loss of energy (heat) Joule-Thompson effect is an example

Question 52

________________- is the highest temperature where a gas can exist as a liquid

Answer 52

Critical temperature

Question 53

What is the critical temperature of nitrous oxide?

Answer 53

36.5 degrees C (liquid in the cylinder at room temp)

Question 54

What is the critical temperature of CO2?

Answer 54

31 C (liquid in the cylinder at room temp

Question 55

What is the critical temperature of oxygen?

Answer 55

-119 C

Question 56

What is the critical temperature of air?

Answer 56

-140 C

Question 57

What is the critical temperature of nitrogen?

Answer 57

-147 C