Respiratory monitors and equipment

Question 1

___________ is the force that acts opposite to the relative motion of an object.

Answer 1

Resistance

Question 2

______________ is the ability of the lungs to stretch and expand.

Answer 2

Compliance

Question 3

What are the type types of pulmonary compliance?

Answer 3

static compliance
dynamic compliance

Question 4

What is static compliance?

Answer 4

assesses the pressure required to keep the lung inflated to a given volume when there is no air movement

Question 5

What is dynamic compliance?

Answer 5

assesses the pressure required to inflate the lung to a given volume when there’s airflow

Question 6

Dynamic compliance is impacted by

Answer 6

airway resistance and the tendency of the lung/chest to collapse

Question 7

What is peak inspiratory pressure?

Answer 7

the maximum pressure in the patient’s airway during inspiration

Question 8

What is plateau pressure?

Answer 8

the pressure in the small airways and alveoli after the traget tidal volume is achieved

Question 9

We can evaluate the PIP and PP to determine if alterations in pulmonary mechanics are due to changes in __________ or __________

Answer 9

compliance or resistance

Question 10

Increased resistance manifests as ___________ PIP with ____________ PP

Answer 10

increased; normal

Question 11

Examples of increased resistance include

Answer 11

kinked endotracheal tube & bronchospasm

Question 12

Decreased pulmonary compliance manifests as ________ PIP and _______ PP.

Answer 12

increased & increased

Question 13

Examples of decreased pulmonary compliance include

Answer 13

endobronchial intubation and pulmonary edema

Question 14

What is the resistance equation?

Answer 14

Resistance= [P(airway)-P(alveolar)]/gas flow rate

Question 15

What is the compliance equation?

Answer 15

Compliance= delta V/delta P

Question 16

Compliance measures the

Answer 16

elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall

Question 17

Things that influence compliance include

Answer 17

muscle tone
degree of lung inflation
alveolar surface tension
amount of interstitial lung water
pulmonary fibrosis

Question 18

In the adult, normal static compliance is

Answer 18

35-100 mL/cm H2O

Question 19

In the child, normal static compliance is

Answer 19

> 15 mL/cm H2O

Question 20

What is the static compliance equation?

Answer 20

static compliance= tidal volume/ (plateau pressure-PEEP)

Question 21

What is the dynamic compliance equation?

Answer 21

dynamic compliance= tidal volume/(Peak inspiratory pressure-PEEP)

Question 22

Complications of an elevated plateau pressure include

Answer 22

ventilator associated lung injury, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema

Question 23

If barotrauma exists, you should aim to reduce plateau pressure by

Answer 23

reducing tidal volume, inspiratory flow & PEEP
sedation is also helpful

Question 24

Examples of increased resistance include

Answer 24

kinked endotracheal tube
endotracheal tube cuff herniation
bronchospasm
bronchial secretions
compression of the airway
foreign body aspiration

Question 25

Examples of decreased compliance include

Answer 25

endobronchial intubation pulmonary edema pleural effusion tension pneumothorax atelectasis chest wall edema abdominal insufflation ascites trendelenburg position inadequate muscle relaxation

Question 26

If you have increased PIP with no change in PP

Answer 26

resistance has increased OR inspiratory flow rate has increased

Question 27

If you have increased PIP and increased PP

Answer 27

total compliance has decreased OR tidal volume has increased

Question 28

Capnography measures the

Answer 28

end-tidal CO2 concentration over time

Question 29

Capnography permits continuous assessment of

Answer 29

metabolism, circulation, and ventilation

Question 30

An increased alpha angle suggests

Answer 30

expiratory airway obstruction

Question 31

An increased beta angle suggests

Answer 31

rebreathing due to a faulty inspiratory valve

Question 32

There are two methods of carbon dioxide analysis:

Answer 32

mainstream (in-line) sidestream (diverting)

Question 33

Where is end-tidal CO2 measured?

Answer 33

Point D on the capnograph

Question 34

Describe Phase 1 or A-B on a capnograph.

Answer 34

exhalation of anatomic dead space

Question 35

Describe phase 2 or B-C on a capnograph

Answer 35

exhalation of anatomic dead space + alveolar gas

Question 36

Describe phase III or C-D on a capnograph.

Answer 36

exhalation of alveolar gas

Question 37

Describe phase IV or D-E on a capnograph.

Answer 37

inspiration of fresh gas that does not contain CO2

Question 38

hat is a normal alpha angle

Answer 38

100-110 degrees

Question 39

The alpha angle is measured at

Answer 39

point C

Question 40

An increased alpha angle signifies

Answer 40

an expiratory airflow obstruction such as COPD, bronchospasm or a kinked endotracheal tube

Question 41

The beta angle is measured at

Answer 41

point D

Question 42

Normal beta angle is

Answer 42

90-degrees

Question 43

Benefits of a mainstream CO2 analysis include

Answer 43

provides a faster response time and doesn't require a water trap or pumping mechanism

Question 44

Because mainstream CO2 analysis is attached to the endotracheal tube, it

Answer 44

increases apparatus dead space as well as adds extra weight

Question 45

With sidestream sampling, the device is located

Answer 45

outside of the airway

Question 46

Sidestream sampling requires

Answer 46

a water trap to prevent contamination of the device