Chap 4 Flashcards

Question

thel/o, theli/o

Answer 1

thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [-oid] a shield to those who named it)

Answer 2

place, position, location

Answer 3

windpipe, trachea

Answer 4

embryonic, immature

Answer 5

to secrete

Answer 6

coming together, to pour

Answer 7

substance that produces

Answer 8

to slide, fall, sag

Answer 9

breakdown, destruction, separation

Answer 10

to measure

Answer 11

birth, labor

Answer 12

to bear, carry; feeling (mental state)

Answer 13

development, formation, growth

Answer 14

structure or formation

Answer 15

falling, drooping, prolapse

Answer 16

flow, discharge

Answer 17

stopping, controlling

Answer 18

development, nourishment

Answer 19

toward adductor: a muscle that draws a limb toward the body. Memory tip: notice that in adductor, the d faces toward the a.

Answer 20

up, apart anabolism: process of building up proteins in cells analysis: separation of a substance into various parts. Urinalysis (urin/o + analysis) is a laboratory examination of urine that aids in the diagnosis of many medical conditions. In this term, -lysis means separation.

Answer 21

before, forward ante cibum: (a.c.) before meals The notation a.c., seen on prescription orders, means before meals.

Answer 22

against antibiotic: chemical substance that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body. Antibiotics destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria. Penicillin was the first antibiotic (discovered in immature plants called molds).

Answer 23

against antibody: protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood. Protein produced against an antigen (foreign body).

Answer 24

against antigen: substance that stimulates the production of antibodies. In this term, anti- is short for antibody. An antigen (bacterium or virus) is a substance that produces (-gen) an antibody.

Answer 25

against antisepsis: destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection An antiseptic (-sis changes to -tic to form an adjective) substance fights infection.

Answer 26

against antitoxin: substance produced against a toxin (poison); an antibody. This is an antibody, often from an animal (such as a horse), that acts against a toxin. An example is tetanus antitoxin given against tetanus, an acute bacterial infection of the nervous system.

Answer 27

self, own autoimmune disease: antibodies that are produced against an individual's own normal cells.

Answer 28

two bifurcation: branching or forking into two parts Normal splitting into two branches, such as bifurcation of the trachea to form the bon chi.

Answer 29

two bilateral: pertaining to both or two sides

Answer 30

slow bradycardia: slow heartbeat Usually a heartbeat of less that 60; a slow heart rate.

Answer 31

down catabolism: cellular process of breaking down of a complex substance into simple compounds. Energy is released to do the work of the cell.

Answer 32

with, together congenital anomaly: abnormality present at birth; birth defect.

Answer 33

with, together connective: tissue that supports and binds other tissues and parts. ex.: bone, cartilage, muscle or fibrous tissues.

Answer 34

against, opposite contraindication: a factor that prohibits the administration of a drug or procedure Contra- means against in this term.

Answer 35

against, opposite contralateral: affecting the opposite side of a part of the body. Contra- means opposite in this term. A stroke affecting the right side of the brain may cause contralateral paralysis affecting the left arm and leg. The opposite of contralateral is ipsilateral. (ipsi- means the same).

Answer 36

down, lack of dehydration: excessive loss of water

Answer 37

through, complete diameter: measurement between opposites points on the periphery of a circular body part (eg. blood vessel or intestine).

Answer 38

through, complete diarrhea: frequent passage of loose watery stools.

Answer 39

through, complete dialysis: separation of nitrogenous wastes from the blood when the kidneys no longer function.

Answer 40

through, complete Literal meaning is complete (dia-) separation (-lysis). In hemodialysis, waste materials are separated from the blood via a machine (artificial kidney) when the kidneys no longer function.

Answer 41

bad, painful, difficult, abnormal dyspnea: difficult breathing Often caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety.

Answer 42

bad, painful, difficult, abnormal dysplasia: condition of abnormal formation

Answer 43

out, outside ectopic pregnancy: pregnancy that is not in the normal location (uterus); a fallopian tube is the most common ectopic site. Ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the noun "pregnancy."

Answer 44

in, within endocardium: inner lining of the heart.

Answer 45

in, within endoscope: instrument to visually examine the interior of the body.

Answer 46

in, within endotracheal: pertaining to within the trachea An endotracheal tube, placed through the mouth into the trachea, is used for giving oxygen and in general anesthesia procedures.

Answer 47

upon, on, above epithelium: layer of cells covering the external surface of the body and lining the hollow tubes within the body

Answer 48

good, normal euphoria: exaggerated feeling of well-being; elevated mood, "high."

Answer 49

good, normal euthyroid: normal thyroid function

Answer 50

out, outside, away from exophthalmos: protrusion of the eyeball Protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called proptosis (pro- = forward, -ptosis = prolapse).

Answer 51

half hemiglossectomy: removal (resection) of half the tongue

Answer 52

excessive, above hyperglycemia: high levels of sugar in bloodstream. This is a sign of diabetes mellitus. Lack of insulin (type 1 diabetes) or ineffective insulin (type 2 diabetes) causes high levels of sugar in the blood.

Answer 53

excessive, above hyperplasia: condition of increased formation of cells. Increase in cell numbers. Hyperplasia is a characteristic of tumour growth.

Answer 54

excessive, above hypertrophy: increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells. Increase in size of individual cells. Muscle, cardiac, and renal cells exhibit hypertrophy when workload is increased.

Answer 55

deficient, under hypodermic injection: placement of needle below the skin.

Answer 56

deficient, under hypoglycemia: low/deficient levels of sugar in bloodstream.

Answer 57

not insomniac: pertaining to without sleep; an insomniac is a person who cannot sleep.

Answer 58

into, within incision: process of cutting into or making an incision.

Answer 59

beneath, under, inferior to, below infracostal: pertaining to below the ribs

Answer 60

between intercostal: pertaining to between the ribs Intercostal muscles lie between adjacent ribs.

Answer 61

in, within, into intravenous: pertaining to within a vein

Answer 62

large macrocephaly: condition of a larger than normal head. This is a congenital anomaly.

Answer 63

bad malaise: general feeling of bodily discomfort This is a French word meaning discomfort. It is a symptom of illness often marking the onset of a disease.

Answer 64

bad malignant: cancerous; harmful From the latin ignis, meaning fire. Benign (ben- = good) is noncancerous, whereas malignant means cancerous.

Answer 65

beyond, change metacarpal bones: hand bones The five hand bones lie beyond the wrist bones but before the finger bones (phalanges).

Answer 66

beyond, change metamorphosis: conditions of change of shape or form Meta- means change in this term. The change in development from the larval (caterpillar) stage to the adult (butterfly) is a form of metamorphosis. Embryonic (immature) stem cells spontaneously change (undergo metamorphosis) to form different types of mature cells.

Answer 67

beyond, change metastasis: spread of malignant tumour beyond its original location to a distant site. Meta- = beyond and =stasis = controlling, stopping. A metastasis is a malignant tumour that has spread to a secondary location.

Answer 68

small microscope: instrument to view small projects

Answer 69

new neonatal: pertaining to a new birth The neonatal period is the interval from birth to 28 days.

Answer 70

new neoplasm: new growth A neoplasm may be benign or malignant.

Answer 71

all pancytopenia: deficiency of all blood cells Deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

Answer 72

abnormal, beside, near paralysis: destruction of nerve tissue leading to loss of sensation or motion in a body part Abnormal disruption of the connection between nerve and muscle. Originally from the Greek paralysis, meaning separation or loosening on one side, describing the loss of movement on one side of the body (occurring in stroke patients).

Answer 73

abnormal, beside, near parathyroid glands: four endocrine glands on the posterior (dorsal) region of the thyroid gland Para- means beside. The four parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland. They secrete a hormone that regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissues.

Answer 74

through percutaneous: pertaining to through the skin

Answer 75

surrounding pericardium: double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

Answer 76

surrounding periosteum: membrane surrounding bones

Answer 77

many, much polymorphonuclear: pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleas (in granulocytic) white blood cells.

Answer 78

many, much polyneuritis: inflammation of many nerves

Answer 79

after, behind postmortem: after death

Answer 80

after, behind postpartum: after birth

Answer 81

before, in front of precancerous: pertaining to occurring before a malignant condition.

Answer 82

before, in front of prenatal: pertaining to before birth

Answer 83

before, forward prodrome: symptom that appears before the onset of a more serious illness Prodromal signs and symptoms (rash, fever) appear before the actual illness (such as chickenpox) and signal its onset. Altered mood, fatigue, flashes of light, or stiff muscles may accompany the prodromal migraine aura that occurs before the actual headache.

Answer 84

before, forward prolapse: sliding forward or downward The suffix -lapse means to slide, sag, or fall.

Answer 85

before, forward prosthesis: an artificial limb An artificial limb is a prosthesis.

Answer 86

back, again relapse: sliding or falling back; as in recurrence of symptoms or decline after apparent recovery A disease or its signs and symptoms return after an apparent recovery.

Answer 87

back, again remission: disappearance of symptoms of a disease Signs and symptoms lessen and the patient feels better. Remission may be spontaneous or the result of treatment. In some cases a permanent remission means the disease is cured.

Answer 88

back, again recombinant DNA: insertion of a gene (region of DNA) from an organism into the DNA of another organism Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA techniques.

Answer 89

behind, backwards retroperitoneal: pertaining to behind the peritoneum (membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity)

Answer 90

behind, backwards retroflexion: bending backwards An abnormal position of an organ, such as the uterus, bent or tilted backward.

Answer 91

under subcutaneous: pertaining to under the skin

Answer 92

above, upper suprapubic: pertaining to above the pubic bones The pubis is one of a pair of pubic bones that forms the anterior part of the pelvic (hip) bone.

Answer 93

together, with syndactyly: fusion of fingers or toes A hereditary, congenital anomaly of fingers or toes.

Answer 94

together, with synthesis: combination of simple substances to create something new and more complex In protein synthesis, complex proteins are built up from simpler amino acids.

Answer 95

together, with syndrome: group of symptoms that occur together indicating a particular condition or disorder

Answer 96

together, with symbiosis: close association between organisms of different species or a state in which two people are emotionally dependent on each other

Answer 97

together, with symmetry: equality of parts, literally measured together Equality of parts on opposite sides of the body. What is asymmetry?

Answer 98

together, with symphysis: Bones that grow together separated by a piece of fibrocartilage. The pubic symphysis of the pelvis is an example. A symphysis is a joint in which the bony surfaces are firmly united by a layer of fibrocartilage.

Answer 99

fast tachypnea: excessively fast breathing

Answer 100

across, through transfusion: transfer of blood from one person to another.

Answer 101

across, through transurethral: pertaining to across or through the urethra

Answer 102

beyond, excess ultrasonography: the use of high frequency sound waves to produce a record or a picture of an organ or tissue

Answer 103

one unilateral: pertaining to one side

Chap 4 Flashcards

1) Define basic prefixes used in the medical language. 2) Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes and other word elements. 3) Learn about the Rh condition as an example of an antigen-antibody reaction. (136 cards)