Faecal Continence: the distal part of the GI tract Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Faecal Continence: the distal part of the GI tract Deck (38)
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1
Q

What can affect faecal continence

A

Medication
Natural degeneration of nerve innervation of muscle
consistency of stool (diarrhoea and constipation)

2
Q

What is required to control the excretion of faeces

A

Holding area
Normal visceral afferent nerve fibres
Functioning muscle sphincters
Normal cerebral function

3
Q

What do the rectum/ anal canal pass through

A

The pelvic floor

4
Q

Where is the rectum located

A

The pelvic cavity

5
Q

Where is the perineum

A

Inferior to the pelvic floor

6
Q

What is the pelvic inlet

A

THe way into the pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity

7
Q

What are most of the pelvic floor muscles made up of

A

Levator ani

8
Q

How many muscles make up the pelvic floor

A

3

9
Q

What do the opening in the pelvic floor permit?

A

The distal parts of GI, Reproductive and renal tracts to pass through from the pelvic cavity into the perineum

10
Q

What are the 4 parts of the distal part of the GI tract

A

Anus, anal canal, rectum and sigmoid colon

11
Q

Where does the sigmoid colon become the rectum

A

anterior to S3 - the rectosigmoid junction

12
Q

Where does the rectum become the anal canal

A

ANterior to the tip of the coccyx just prior to passing through the levator ani muscle

13
Q

Where is the rectum?

A

In the pelvis

14
Q

Where are the anal canal and the anus located

A

perineum

15
Q

Where is the area of the rectum which dilates most?

A

Rectal ampulla

16
Q

Where does the rectal ampulla lie?

A

Immediately superior to the levator ani muscle

17
Q

What allows the rectal ampulla to dilate?

A

The relaxation of the wall

18
Q

What is required to hold faeces in the ampulla until defacation

A

The functioning muscle and muscle sphincters

19
Q

What type of muscle is the pelvic floor

A

Skeletal muscle

20
Q

What type of response do skeletal muscles have

A

Voluntary

21
Q

What is prolapse?

A

When things fall down through the muscle

22
Q

What makes up the majority of the pelvic floor

A

The levator ani muscle and its fascial coverings

23
Q

What does the levator ani muscle provide?

A

Continual support for the pelvic organs

24
Q

What supplies the levator ani muscle

A

The nerve to levator ani (a branch of the sacral plexus)

25
Q

Why must the levator ani muscle relax

A

To allow defecation and urination

26
Q

What part of the levator ani muscle is particularly important for faecal continence

A

The puborectalis muscle

27
Q

What happens when the puborectalis muscle contracts

A

A decrease in the anorectal angle, acting like a sphincter

28
Q

What type of muscle is the puborectalis muscle

A

skeletal - voluntary control

29
Q

What type of muscle is the interal anal sphincter

A

Smooth muscle

30
Q

What does the internal anal spincter cover

A

The superior two thirds of anal canal

31
Q

What stimulat the contraction of the internal anal sphincter

A

Sympathetic nerve

32
Q

What inhibits the contraction of the internal anal sphincter

A

Parasympathetic nerves

33
Q

In what state is the internal anal sphincter usually

A

Contracted

34
Q

What type of muscle is the external anal sphincter

A

Skeletal muscle

35
Q

What does the external anal sphincter cover

A

Inferior two thirds of the anal canal

36
Q

What stimulates the contraction of the external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

37
Q

What happens to the external anal sphincter in reponse to rectal ampulla distension

A

It voluntarily contracts

38
Q

What could a spinal cord injury result in

A

Faecal incontinence

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