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APUSH > Industrial Revolution Test > Flashcards

Industrial Revolution Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Union Pacific RR?

A

began to build westward from Nebraska to California

issues by Congress to try and help California bind to the republic

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2
Q

Central Pacific Railroad

A

Railroad starting in California that would extend east - backed by “The Big Four”

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3
Q

Leland Stanford

A

Part of the Big Four

ex-governor of California

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4
Q

Collis P. Huntington

A

Part of the Big Four

adept lobbyist

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5
Q

the four transcontinental railroads

A

Northern Pacific Railroad
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
Southern Pacific
Great Northern

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6
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

financed the successful western railroads, invented the steel rail, standard track, and track gauge. overall, made railroad more efficient

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7
Q

Pullman Palace Cars

A

luxurious but dangerous passenger cars

“like home on the railroad”

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8
Q

Jay Gould

A

a leading railroad developer that played the game of dazzling the public while making multi-million dollars at their expense

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9
Q

“stock watering”

A

companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits

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10
Q

“pools”

A

a group of supposed competitors who agree to work together, usually to set prices

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11
Q

The Grange

A

political group formed by farmers to combat such corruption

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12
Q

Wabash Case

A

Supreme Court ruling which ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce

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13
Q

Interstate Commerce Act

A

1887, banned rebates and pools

required railroads to publish their rates openly as to not cheat customers and forbade unfair discrimination

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14
Q

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

A

set up to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act

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15
Q

Richard Olney

A

a shrewd corporate lawyer, noted that they could use the Interstate Commerce Act to act to capitalist advantage

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16
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

invented telephone in 1876, launched new age of communication

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17
Q

Thomas Edison

A

invented a lot of things, most remembered for electric light bulb in 1879

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18
Q

“horizontal integration”

A

when someone allies with other competitors instead of controlling everything themselves

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19
Q

John D. Rockefeller

A

dominated oil industry - “rule or ruin”

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20
Q

“vertical integration”

A

when someone buys out and controls all aspects of an industry (ex. mined iron, transported it, refined it, turns it into steel, and sells it) - takes out middleman

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21
Q

“interlocking directorates”

A

placing someones own men on boards of directors of other rival competitors to gain influence and reduce competition

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22
Q

Bessemer process

A

invention that made steel-making cheaper and more effective

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23
Q

William Kelly

A

an American who discovered the Bessemer process, but an Englishmen got credited

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24
Q

J. Pierpont Morgan

A

made a fortune in the banking industry in Wall Street - wanted to get into steel

Carnegie threatened to ruin him, so after some negotiation, Morgan bought Carnegie’s business (it was Carnegie’s plot from the beginning to sell)

25
Q

Gospel of Wealth

A

theory that people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with their money

26
Q

“Social Darwinism”

A

Darwin’s “survival-of-the-fittest” to business world

27
Q

Reverend Russell Conwell

A

became rich from “Acres of Diamonds” - basic meaning poor people made themselves poor and rich people made themselves rich

28
Q

plutocracy

A

power through wealth

29
Q

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A

1890, forbade combination in restraint of trade without any distinction between “good” and “bad” trusts

30
Q

James Buchanan Duke

A

developed huge cigarette industry with new machines (took out hand-rolling) (called American Tobacco Company)

31
Q

Gibson Girl

A

the new ideal of women - young, athletic, attractive, outdoorsy

didn’t really work out, most started working in factories that paid them less of their male counterparts

32
Q

“scabs”

A

hiring replacements when people went on strike

33
Q

“ironclad oaths” or “yellow dog contracts”

A

workers were forced to sign these that would ban them from joining a union

34
Q

National Labor Union

A

1866 founding, first labor union - widespread

worked for arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight-hour workday

35
Q

Knights of Labor

A

1869 founding

like National Labor Union, but it included two groups that they did not: blacks and women

36
Q

John P. Altgeld

A

German-born Democrat that was the governor of Illinois

released the sentenced men free from Haymarket Square Bombing (received both positive and negative reactions from people - civic virtue)

37
Q

Haymarket Square Bombing

A

May 4, 1886

Dynamite bomb went off in Chicago, eight anarchists were rounded up and were sentenced to death even though no one could prove they had done it
`

38
Q

Samuel Gompers

A

Founded the American Federation of Labor (1886

39
Q

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A

an association of self-governing national unions, each with keeping its independence

was composed of skilled laborers, it was willing to let unskilled laborers end for themselves

Terrence Powderly

40
Q

What are scabs?

A

replacements

41
Q

What did Industrialization impact?

A

Standard of Living: up
More immigrants found work
Ag went down in importance
Women find more work

42
Q

What are lockouts?

A

employer refuses to let workers work

43
Q

What is blacklisted?

A

list of denied workers

44
Q

Pullmen strike

A

first major strike
caused by workers taking pay cuts
This was a rr manufacturing company ran by Andrew Pullmen

45
Q

What percent of workers were in Unions?

A

3%

46
Q

What did government do after Pullmen’s strike?

A

tried to stop Unions

47
Q

What were the 2 main successes from the Labor Unions?

A

Laborday 1894

8 hour workday

48
Q

Credit Mobilier

A

RR company that took $23 mill from the US govt by using a lot of money for small jobs

49
Q

In 1869, where was the transocontientlal rr completed?

A

Promontory Point

near Ogden Utah

50
Q

What did Vanderbuilt head?

A

NY Central

51
Q

Where did RRs help people settle that used to be harsh?

A

Great Plains

52
Q

What was created due to RRs so that RR conductors would be less confused about time?

A

4 time zones

53
Q

Trusts

A

Monopoly (buy everything)

54
Q

Andrew Carneige

A

Irish immigrant that moved to Pittsburg and worked in the steel industry
By 1900, he made 1/4 Bessmer steel and made $25 mill
Gospel of Wealth
Sold his company to Morgan for $400 mill

55
Q

How did the US become the #1 in the world’s largest manufacturer?

A

Abundent liquid capital
Exploited natural resources
Massive immigration made labor cheap
Inventions like the mass production

56
Q

What was Carnegie’s method?

A

vertical integration

57
Q

What was Rockefeller method?

A

horizontal integration

58
Q

How was oil used in the 1860s and 1870s?

A

keroscene was used to light lamps

59
Q

Who was Henry Grady?

A

editor of Atlanta Constitution and used the south to industrialize

APUSH (48 decks)

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