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Abdominal Pathology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

The precise study and diagnosis of disease

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2
Q

What are the 4 components of disease?

A
  1. Cause/etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Morphologic changes
  4. Clinical manifestations
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3
Q

What is the sonographers role?

A
  1. Obtain information
  2. Review lab data
  3. Tailor to the exam
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4
Q

Why do you tailor to the exam?

A

In order to get the best information possible to answer the clinical question

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5
Q

What are 6 examples of optimizing tools?

A
  1. Depth
  2. Focal zone
  3. Gain
  4. Zoom
  5. TGC
  6. THI
    - harmonics
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6
Q

When can you apply colour doppler?

A

On any abnormal mass

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7
Q

What is a benefit to power doppler?

A

It is more sensitive that colour doppler (motion sensitive)

- can use it when not much colour is shown

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8
Q

What do we look at first to determine if something is bad in a patient? (4)

A
  1. Patient history
  2. Age
  3. Sex
  4. Clinical findings
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9
Q

Lesion

A

General term describing any type of abnormality seen on imaging

  • lump/bump on the skin or in a solid organ
  • may be cystic or solid
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10
Q

Nodule

A

A small mass of rounded or irregular shape

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11
Q

Mass

A

An abnormal growth of tissue resulting from multiplication of cells

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12
Q

Where are nodules found? (4)

A
  1. Within organ parenchyma
  2. On tendons
  3. On muscles
  4. On vocal cords
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13
Q

Where are nodules found? (4)

A
  1. Within organ parenchyma
  2. On tendons
  3. On muscles
  4. On vocal cords
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14
Q

Can nodules be benign or cancerous?

A

Either

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15
Q

What are 2 synonyms for a mass?

A
  1. Tumour

2. Neoplasia

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16
Q

What can a mass do?

A

It may push or displace surrounding tissue or vessels

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17
Q

What are 7 examples of tumour characterization terminology?

A
  1. Consistency
  2. Echogenicity
  3. Echotexture
  4. Contour
  5. Mass effect/invading
  6. Vascularity
  7. Multiple/single
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18
Q

What are 3 examples of consistency?

A
  1. Solid
  2. Liquid
  3. Mixed
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19
Q

Solid consistency

A

Might attenuate, or no enhancement

20
Q

Liquid consistency

A

Posterior enhancement

21
Q

Mixed consistency

A

Both might attenuate, or no enhancement and posterior enhancement

22
Q

What are 4 examples of echogenicity?

A
  1. Hypoechoic
  2. Hyperechoic
  3. Anechoic
  4. Isoechoic
23
Q

What are 2 examples of echotexture?

A
  1. Homogenous

2. Heterogenous

24
Q

What are 2 examples of contour?

A
  1. Irregular

2. Smooth margins or well delineated

25
What are 2 examples of relation to adjacent organs or structures?
1. Mass effect | 2. Invading
26
Mass effect
Pushing or displacing
27
Invading
Moving into another structure
28
When do you get shadowing typically?
With calcified structures
29
What can invading cause?
Clotting
30
What is another term for hypervascular?
Hyperemic
31
How does fat show on a CT scan?
Anechoic
32
What kind of artifact occurs with cystic lesions?
Posterior enhancement | - through transmission of sound
33
What are 4 characteristics of benign?
1. No vascularity 2. Peripheral vascularity 3. Smooth contour or margins 4. Slow growing
34
What are 6 characteristics of malignant?
1. Highly vascular 2. Irregular margins 3. Bulls eye or halo 4. Rapid growth 5. History of cancer 6. What organ it affects?
35
What does multiple solid liver masses-suggest?
Metastatic or multifocal disease | - may be benign
36
What is important for interpretation of lesions?
Clinical history - of malignancy - chronic liver disease - hepatitis - symptoms
37
What does central necrosis look like?
Hyperechoic rim with fluid on the inside (anechoic)
38
What does central necrosis mean?
The tissue is starting to die
39
What does a bulls eye look like?
Hypoechoic rim with a hyperechoic centre
40
What is a good indication of an ominous sign?
Hypoechoic halo
41
Acute symptoms (3)
1. Sudden and high pain 2. Fever 3. RLQ
42
Chronic symptoms (3)
1. Pain off and on for longer 2. On treatment for other conditions 3. LLQ
43
What can RLQ pain be caused from?
Appendicitis
44
What can LLQ pain be caused from?
Constipation
45
What are examples of secondary signs? (3)
1. Inflammation 2. Fluid 3. Increased lymph nodes ***

Abdominal Pathology (49 decks)

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