Flashcards in Lesson 1A (Part 2) Deck (30)
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1
What are 4 normal variants of the liver?
1. Diaphragmatic Slips
2. Reidels lobe
3. Papillary Process Caudate
4. Long left lobe
2
Diaphragmatic Slips
Invagination of dome of the diaphragm that causes a pseudomass on the liver
- associated with diaphragmatic muscle bundles that attach the central tendon to the thoracic cage
- appearance changes with respiration
3
Reidels lobe
Is a tongue-like, inferior projection of the right lobe of the liver
4
Papillary Process Caudate
Represents a division of the inferior caudate lobe of the liver
5
What is an artifact of the the liver?
Mirror image
6
What is the mirror image artifact caused by?
The diaphragm
7
What are the liver function tests? (4)
1. Alpha-fetoprotein
- AFP
2. Alkaline phosphate
- ALP
3. Alanine aminotransferase
- ALT
4. Aspartate aminotransferase
- AST
8
Alpha fetoprotein
A protein normally synthesized by the liver, yolk sac and GI tract of the fetus
9
What is a nonspecific marker for malignancy?
Alpha fetoprotein
- AFP
10
Alkaline phosphate
An enzyme produced primarily by liver, bone and placenta
11
Where is ALP excreted through?
The bile ducts
- want to look at the GB or the ducts to make sure they are not blocked
12
What is elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase associated with?
Obstructive jaundice
13
Alanine aminotransferase
An enzyme found in high concentration in the liver and lower concentrations in the heart, muscle and kidneys
14
What does ALT remain elevated longer than?
AST
15
What is ALT used to asses?
Jaundice
16
What are elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase associated with? (3)
1. Cirrhosis
2. Hepatitis
3. Biliary obstruction
17
What is mild elevated levels of ALT associated with?
Liver metastases
18
Aspartate aminotransferase
An enzyme present in many kinds of tissue that is released when cells are injured or damaged
19
What is AST used to diagnose?
Liver disease before jaundice occurs
20
What is elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase associated with? (3)
1. Cirrhosis
2. Hepatitis
3. Mononucleosis
21
What is considered a normal clotting time?
10-15 seconds
22
What enzyme is produced by the liver to help with clotting?
Prothrombin
23
What does the production of prothrombin depend on?
The amount of vitamin K
24
What is elevated levels of prothrombin associated with? (4)
1. Cirrhosis
2. Malignancy
3. Malabsorption of vitamin K
4. Clotting failure
25
What are decreased levels of prothrombin associated with? (5)
1. Subacute or acute cholecystitis
2. Internal biliary fistula
3. Carcinoma of the GB
4. Biliary duct injury
5. Prolonged extrahepatic biliary obstruction
26
Fistula
Opening from one thing to another
27
What is an example of a fistula?
A tear
28
Leukocytosis
A white blood cell count above the normal range
29
What is leukocytosis a sign of?
Inflammatory or infection response
- includes parasitic infections
30
