Lesson 4D (Part 3)

Question 1

What kind of disease is tuberous disease?

Answer 1

Inherited disease

Question 2

What is tuberous disease characterized by? (3)

Answer 2

1. Intellectual disability
2. Seizures
3. Adenoma sebaceum
   - red marks on face

Question 3

Where does tuberous disease come from? (2)

Answer 3

1. Autosomal dominant

2. Spontaneous mutation

Question 4

What is tuberous disease associated with? (2)

Answer 4

1. AML

2. RCC

Question 5

What does tuberous disease look like on US? (2)

Answer 5

1. Multiple cysts from microscopic to 3 cm in size

2. Appears similar to ADKPD

Question 6

What modality us used to follow up tuberous disease?

Answer 6

CT

Question 7

What are renal injuries from?

Answer 7

Blunt or penetrating injury

Question 8

How does blunt trauma usually heal?

Answer 8

Without treatment

Question 9

What do penetrating injuries usually a result of? (2)

Answer 9

1. Gunshot

2. Stab wounds

Question 10

What are the 4 major categories of renal injuries?

Answer 10

1. Minor injury
   - 75-85%
2. Major injuries
   - 10%
3. Catastrophic injuries
   - 5%
4. Uteropelvic junction avulsion

Question 11

What are examples of minor injuries? (5)

Answer 11

1. Contusions
2. Subcapsular
3. Hematoma
4. Cortical infarcts
5. Superficial lacerations

Question 12

What are examples of major injuries?

Answer 12

Renal lacerations

- may extend into the collecting system and segmental renal infarct

Question 13

What are examples of catastrophic injuries? (2)

Answer 13

1. Vascular pedicle injury

2. Shattered kidney

Question 14

What renal injuries require urgent surgery? (2)

Answer 14

1. Catastrophic

2. Uteropelvic junction avulsion

Question 15

How do lacerations appear on US?

Answer 15

Linear defects that may extend through the kidney if fractured

Question 16

What does hematomas vary in?

Answer 16

Echogenicity

Question 17

What do renal injuries collect? (2)

Answer 17

1. Blood

2. Urine

Question 18

WHat is subscapular hemorrhage?

Answer 18

Perirenal fluid collection

Question 19

What does colour doppler aid in?

Answer 19

In assessment of vascular integrity

Question 20

What is used to follow up in the critically ill renal injuries?

Answer 20

CECT

Question 21

What are the complications of surgery for ureter injuries? (2)

Answer 21

1. Gynecological
   - 70%
2. Urolological
   - 30%

Question 22

What are ureteral stents used for?

Answer 22

To allow ureter to heal

Question 23

With is US useful for in ureter injuries?

Answer 23

To detect sizable fluid collections and hydronephrosis

Question 24

What can a bladder injury be the result of? (3)

Answer 24

1. Blunt injury
2. Penetrating injury
3. Iatrogenic injury

Question 25

What can bladder injuries result in?

Answer 25

Ruptures

Question 26

What is US not useful in assessing?

Answer 26

Bladder injuries | - except to identify fluid collections

Question 27

When are renal stents used?

Answer 27

For patients who have an obstruction of the kidney

Question 28

What does a renal stent do?

Answer 28

It relieves the blockage

Question 29

Where is the stent placed?

Answer 29

In the ureter between the kidney and the bladder

Question 30

What can cause an obstruction of the renal stent? (4)

Answer 30

1. Stone 2. Fragment 3. Scarring 4. Tumor

Question 31

Are renal stents usually visible on US?

Answer 31

Yes