Brannigan 5 Flashcards
Limmiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means:Restrictions on () of a building, limits on the (88888) roof and exterior wall surfaces, minimum () between buildings, Limits on () in exterior walls, and (**)) exterior walls.
area/height combustibility distance openings fire resistive
(*****) for building occupants is, of course, a primary concern in fire protection.
life safety
Among the most important elements in life safety are proper(*****) and protection against hazards (based on occupancy ond the ability of self preservation).
egress (adequate exits)
Some buildings are described in codes as Non combustible. THe non combustibility of a building is limited to certain (**), so non combustible buildings can have significant combustible components, including cornices, wooden exterior balconies, and sheathing.
designated components
(*****) is a quality ascribed to a wall, floor, or column assembly that has been tested in a standard manner to determine the length of time it will remain structurally stable when attacked by a standard fire.
Rated fire resistance
(****) is a members resistance to collapse by fire because of the nature of its material or assembly.
Inherent fire resistance
Combustible structures are protected with gypsum board and wood assemblies that have passed the (****)
standard fire resistance test
One of the dangers that fire fighters face while operating inside structures is being caught up in the rapid development of fire. These type of rapid fire growth include (), (), and (*****).
flashover
backdraft
flame over
(*****) is the stage of fire in which all surfaces and objects in a room or area are heated to there ignition temperature and flames develop on all contents and combutible surfaces at once.
Flashover
(****) is the burning of heated gaseous products of combustion when oxygen is introduced into an environment whose oxygen supply has been depleted due to fire.
Backdraft
A (*****) is the rapid spread of flame over one or more surfaces.
flame over
Fire growth and spread are greatly influenced by (****)
building construction
WHether or not a compartment goes to flashover is greatly influenced by the (***) of the space.
materials lining the walls and ceiling
Flame spread, or rapid fire growth, can be a problem caused by both the (**) itself and its (*).
building
contents
THe fire growth BUILDING problem can be differentiated by a LOCATION characteristic:
()
()
hidden
exposed
The fire growth CONTENT problem can result from:
()
()
(*****)
furnishings
material finish including decorations
mercantile stock
THe paper vapor seal in (*****) insulation gives a phenomenal flame spread
Batt type glass fiber
(*****) laid in ceilings must be kept free of lighting fixtures.
Batt type
At one time lime plaster was an almost universal finish for ceilings , although some ceilings were also made of embossed steel (tin ceilings) anf wooden boards called (*****)
match boarding
There are three ways in which an interior finish increase a fire hazard:
()
()
(*****)
Surface flame spread
smoke and toxic gasses
Add fuel to the fire contributing to flashover
In the 1930s LOW DENSITY FIBER BOARD made of wood fibers or sugar cane residue called (****) came into use. Produced in 4x8 foot sheets with a painted surface, CELOTEX
bagasse
WHen punched with holes, fiber board acquires desirable acoustical properties, and becomes (****)
combustible acoustical tile
When punched with holes high density board is called (*****)
peg board
(*****) asphalt coated steel
robertson protected metal.
A carpeting fire wil fill a corridor with flame. it should be fought with a (*****), direct through the fire to wet the carpet beyond the fire, thus stopping extension
solid stream
In 1980 the (***) conducted fire test on the typical residential basement recreation rooms.
National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
NFPA produced two movie (**) and (***) which give graphic demonstrations of how fast fire grows in todays interior environments.
Fire: countdown to disaster
Fire power
There are several possible approaches to control the problem of fast fire growth , including eliminating (), separating material from the (), Cutting off (**) of the fire, and (**) the materials.
high flame spread surfaces
source of combustion
extension
coating
Some fire code require a (**) separating more flammable carpeting from less flammable carpeting.
metal door sil
The basis for regulation of flame spread is found in NFPA 255 commonly referred to as the (*****)
Stiener tunnel test
THe test (stiener tunnel) was developed by the late A.J. Stiener at UL INC and is known as () and ().
ASTM E84
UL723
(Stiener Tunnel) a test sample () long and () forms the top of a tunnel or long box. A gas fire is lighted at one end, and fire progresses along the underside of the top of the box or test panel.
25 feet
2 feet
There are two comparison point for evaluating test rests (Stiener Tunnel) The flame spread over inorganic cement board is set at (). The flame spread over red oak is set at ().
0
100
Test (Stiener Tunnel) have shown that fire can reach the end of a red oak panel in (**).
10 minutes
Flame spread of surface material is classified as follows:
Class A:()
Class B:()
Class C:(*****)
0-25
26-75
75-200
The model building codes allow a reduction in class(Flame spread of surface Material) given sprinkler protection, but in no case can the rating be less than (****)
Class C
WHen the TUNNEL test is run at UL, “smoke developed” is also measured and indexed. Smoke developed is calculated by measuring the (*****) as the smoke passes a photoelectric cell placed in the stack from the test tunnel.
obstruction
It appears that materials with a smoke developed rating of (*****) can be expected to generate substantial amounts of smoke.
300 or more
The term (*****) often causes confusion in building trades. It is a commonly used, but undefined, term without a specific meaning
fire rated
Tiles that merely meet flame spread requirements are not adequate for instillation in required (**) assemblies. Thus, the instillation of a ceiling that meets FLAME SPREAD requirements does not provide any specific FIRE RESISTANCE.
fire resistive
The national Bureau of Standards developed ASTM E162, (***)
Radiant Panel Flame SPread Teast
Radiant Panel Flame Spread Test. Samples for this test measure only (*****).
6 by 18 inches
The (****) has been used to develop information after serious fires, but would problem not be valid evidence in a prosecution based on noncompliance with a code.
Radiant Panel Test
(****) This cornet test by factory mutual is designed to simulate an actual fire within the corner of a building.
Factory Mutual Corner Test
Factory Mutual Corner Test. The walls are unto () high, The east wall is () long and the south wall is over (*****) long.
25 feet
50 feet
37 feet
Factory Mutual Corner Test. The exposure fire is a pile of pallets arranged to simulate the NFPA 251 (ASTM E119) standard time/exposure test for (**) or less.
15 minutes
Comercial carpeting presently being manufactured is required to meet a test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a small source such as dropped (**). It is a screening test (popularly known as the (*), and seven out of 8 samples must pass.
match or cigarette pill test
There is also a test to rate carpeting for its ability to spread flame when attacked with a greater ignition source than a cigarette. The test is (****)
NFPA 253 Standard Method for test for Critical radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source also known as ASTM E648
This (*****) measures a materials ability to resist flame spread. The result derived from the test is the critical radiant flux (CRF) of the sample. The higher the CRF the less flammable the carpeting.
Radiant Flux test
(****) This test uses the radiant panel set at an angle . The carpeting sample is set flat in its normal position.
Radiant Flux Test
Where regulated, the model building codes consider two classes of interior FLOOR FINISH ratings:
($$$$$)
($$$$$)
Class I:> CRF minimum of 0.45 watts/sq cm
Class II: > CRF min of 0.22 watts/sq cm
Over the years there has been a gradual change to recognition that ($$$$) are more significant fire killers than is thermal exposure.
Smoke and toxic gasses
($$$$) often provides the first warning of most fires. It can do more damage to property than the fire or water, and may produce zero visibility.
Smoke
($$$$$) can cause injury or death when inhaled or, in some cases, absorbed.
Fire gases
Some fire gases can paralyze or slow human ability to function or escape. ($$$$$), the most ore leant of the toxic fire gases, has this effect.
Carbon monoxide CO
($$$$$$) is also produced in many of today’s fires and is now believed to be as great a danger as CO.
Hydrogen cyanide HCN
For most toxic materials the TOXIC EFFECT is a product of ($$$$$$$$)
Concentration and exposure time
($$$$$$$) states that any exposure in which the concentration (parts per million) X minutes exposed equals 33,000 is likely to be dangerous.
Habels rule
($$$$$$) is probably the most common toxic fire gas.
Carbon monoxide
A 10 minute exposure to ($$$$$$) of CO would be hazardous possibly incapacitating.
3500
Higher exposures (CO) with gather concentrations are even more dangerous– ($$$$$$) may be fatal after only a few breaths.
12500
($$$$$$) is a very effective electrical insulator and has made itself indispensable as a contemporary material. When it burns, however, toxic gasses are emitted.
Polyvinyl chloride. (PVC)
Carbon monoxide is a flammable gas. Most technical studies are made in connection with the design of ($$$$$)
Containers
By observation firefighters note that in some cases CO trapped in a void or pocket simply ($$$$$$) that is the gas ignites when sufficient oxygen is available.
Lights up
Gases can accumulate in any enclosed area. Research at NIST shows CO can be generated up to ($$$$$) as much in enclosed voids as in the open.
50 times
($$$$$) is often considered the most expensive byproduct of fire suppression.
Water damage
The fire problem of RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL grows out of the fact that radioactive materials emit energy that can damage living tissue, thus the safety of personnel might demand ($$$$$$) of the property u til it is cleaned up.
Abandonment
There have been a number of serious contamination incidents from ($$$$) released from electrical transformers during fires.
Poly chlorinated biphenyls PCBs
($$$$$) were used as nonflammable coolants in transformers. Firefighters should be aware of the extremely toxic nature of ($$$$$) and the fact that it can be released from any transformer by fire or accident, or even in routine maintenance.
Poly chlorinated biphenyls PCBs
PCBs
The Cheif mover of smoke in a fire is ($$$$$)
Gravity
($$$$$$) pulls down of the surrounding heavier colder air, causing the lighter heated air to rise upwards.
Gravity
In buildings where dangerous gases such as gasoline, which is heavier than air, are handled, vents are located at the (**). By contrast, where hydrogen, which is lighter than air, is handled, vents are located at the (). Such vents are called (****).
floor line
ridge line
gravity vents
Fans
mechanical vents
When it was learned for such fires as the 1908 Parker Building Fire in New York that fire could extend up open staiways in “fire proof” buildings the concept of (***) or creating fire areas no larger than one floor was developed.
compartmentation
There are two types of closure device:(**) and (*).
self closing
automatic
A typical example of a self closing type is a room or stairway door with and (*****) that closes the door after it is opened.
automatic door check
Fire wall with automatic fire doors intended to close only in case of fire are equipped with (****).
fusible links
Inspectons of (AUTOMATIC FIRE DOORS) should include: (*****) (*****) (*****) (****) (****)
Operating fire door shutters.
Raising the counter weights of automatic sliding and counterbalanced doors to ensure they close.
Inspecting doors for damage.
Inspecting all hardware including latches,guides, and thresholds for proper function.
Checking the fusible links of automatic closing devices to ensure they are free of paint and othe foreign matter that might impair their operation.
Fire fighter should never advance through a doorway protected by a fusible link tripped fire door without (*****) to prevent its closing or dropping behind them.
blocking
The development of (*****) has provided equipment that is sensitive to smoke and that may help to eliminate the problem of blocked open doors.
smoke detectors
