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From Flashcardlet > Brannigan 8 > Flashcards

Brannigan 8 Flashcards

1
Q

more firefighters have be killed in (****) buildings than in any other type. Fire officers should be more analytical to the hazard of this type of structure and rely less on experience, which may not be adequate.

A

ordinary construction

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2
Q

The term (****) describes an almost infinite variety of buildings. In simpler days it was generally know as brick and wood joisted construction.

A

ordinary construction

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3
Q

Proper use of () or (*) helps bolster the perception of technical knowledge and authority.

A

Technical word

trade jargon

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4
Q

The chief common characteristic of ordinary construction is that the exterior walls are made of (****)

A

masonry

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5
Q

If you mean building with brick load bearing walls and wood joist, say (**).

A

ordinary construction

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6
Q

Ordinary construction is classified as (****).

A

TYPE III construction

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7
Q

Ordinary construction can be described as (**)

A

Main Street USA

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8
Q

Although we often think of ordinary construction as “main Street USA” there are many new structures being built of ordinary construction. One of the more common examples is the one story (***) with light weight wood trusses and concrete block walls.

A

Strip mal

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9
Q

Masonry wall in ordinary construction may consist of , brick, stone, concrete block, terra cotta, adobe, precast, or (****).

A

cast in place concrete

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10
Q

Most building codes used to have a provision for so called (**). With in the (**) a structure could not be built in less the outer walls were of masonry to limit fire extension. Wood frame buildings were banned within the (***)

A

fire limits

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11
Q

() and (*) attempt to divide types of buildings into various exclusive classes.

A

codes and standards

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12
Q

The simplest (****) building consists of masonry bearing walls, with wood joist used as simple beams from wall to wall.

A

ordinary construction

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13
Q

In most cases there will be a (****) (void space) between the top floor ceiling and the roof.

A

cock loft

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14
Q

Ventilators for the cock loft are often seen in the (***)

A

side walls.

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15
Q

Bearing and Non bearing wall use similar construction material and are often identical in appearance. In the typical downtown business or commercial building, the (*****) are the bearing walls, whereas the from and back walls are non bearing.

A

side walls

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16
Q

The simple wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about (****) in width. For a wider building, or on with an irregular floor plan, interior masonry wall or a column, girder, and beam system must be provided.

A

25 feet

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17
Q

Girders may be wood or (****).

A

unprotected steel

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18
Q

The connection system that attach the beams to the girders and the girders to the columns are of almost infinite variety. It is in the weakness of these connections that the (**) potential is found.

A

principal interior collapse

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19
Q

AS in wood construction (****) are an inherent part of ordinary construction.

A

void spaces

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20
Q

Some fire protection measures such as (**) or (*) ceilings, which were intended to prevent the extension of fire from the usable spar to the void space, also prove to be barriers to the fire departments efforts to reach the fire, once the fire penetrates the void space.

A

embossed metal

tin

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21
Q

A a general rule there is no effective fire separation within the (**) building, either from floor to floor or within floors.

A

Ordinary construction

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22
Q

The tallest old style masonry bearing wall building in the united states id the (((**) building in Chicago.

A

Monadnock building.

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23
Q

(*****) Bricks made of clay, water, and straw dried in in sun.

A

adobe

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24
Q

(***) Stone cut in rectangular units.

A

Ashlar masonry

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25
Q

(***) a free standing wall unsecured at the top.

A

Cantileaver wall

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26
Q

(****) are very dependent on the roof for stability. Of the rod is affected by the fire, the wall will likely fall.

A

Precast Concrete walls

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27
Q

(****) Hollow walls in which whythes are tired together with steel ties or masonry trusses.

A

cavity walls

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28
Q

(*****) Two different masonry materials, such as brick and concrete block, used in a wall and designed to act as one under a load.

A

Composite wall

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29
Q

(***) A pre cast hollow or solid block made of cement, used in a wall and designed to react as one under load.

A

Concrete masonry unit CMU

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30
Q

(***)A horizontal line of mason.

A

Course

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31
Q

(*****) Any bracing wall set at a right angle to the wall in question.

A

Cross wall

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32
Q

(*****) A masonry peir at a distance form the wall and connected to it. Resist the outward thrut of the roof. THey are used mostly in gothic architecture.

A

Flying buttress

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33
Q

(***) Bricks laid so that the end is visible.

A

Header or Bond course.

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34
Q

(****) Two wythes of masonry with air space in between. THe wythes are tied to gather and bounded with masonry.

A

Hollow masonry walls.

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35
Q

(*******) masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls are often called PEIRS, buttresses, pillars, or columns. These may be built inside or outside the building. WHere visible they indicate where the wall is stingiest, often where the concentrated loads are applied, and where not to attempt to breach the wall.

A

Masonry columns

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36
Q

(*****) THe process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete.

A

Parging (or pargetting)

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37
Q

(***) Masonry composed of random stones.

A

rubble masonry

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38
Q

(***) A wall composed of an inner and outer wyhthe of coursed masonry. The space between is filled with random masonry sometimes mixed with mortar. Such walls are unstable to LATERAL thrust.

A

Rubble masonry wall

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39
Q

(**) Masonry units either solid or hollow laid contiguously with the joints filled with mortar.

A

Solid masonry wall

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40
Q

(***) Bricks laid so that the long side is visible.

A

Stretcher course

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41
Q

(**) Made of clay and fine sand, is fired in a kiln. is both structural and decretive and used in ornamental facings.

A

Terra cotta tiles

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42
Q

(**) Ordinary masonry walls are not reinforced so they have no resistance to lateral movement. THey are there fore vulnerable to earthquake collapse.

A

Un reinforced masonry

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43
Q

(***) A wyhthe of masonry attached to a bearing wall of any material but not carrying any load but its own weight.

A

Veener wall

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44
Q

(****) A vertical section of a wall, one brick or masonry unit thick.

A

Wythe

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45
Q

It is important to remember that fire fighter safety is left up to the (****)— in short you are on your own.

A

Fire department

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46
Q

The fire department should have a (*****), such as air horn blast in addition to radio orders, for all to evacuate immediately.

A

recognizable signal

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47
Q

Often only in the presence of clear evidence of existing (*****) will courts order an owner to repair or demolish property.

A

public danger

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48
Q

THe boundary line between ordinary construction and early (****) construction is not clear cut because building development is evolutionary.

A

fire proof

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49
Q

In some codes (*****) was required over first floor wood floors for fire resistance to provide a sanitary floor.

A

concrete topping

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50
Q

It is the principal of most (**)that fire resistive and non fire resistive sections should be adequately separated.

A

building codes

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51
Q

In (*****), a non combustible void can accumulate explosive carbon monoxide gas as readily as a combustible void. A non combustible void can contain combustible wiring tan theral insulation.

A

modern construction

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52
Q

THe use of solid wood joist in earlier buildings of ordinary construction has been replaced with the use of (**) and (*).

A

light weight wood trusses

wooden I beams

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53
Q

The desire for wider spans and the availability of (****) has led to the wide spread use of unprotected steel for roof framing.

A

construction crains

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54
Q

If it is vital that fire fighters pass under a burring cornice or canopy , use (****) to knock off wood about to fall, and drive fire back.

A

solid stream

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55
Q 
The problems presented to fire departments by ordinary construction can be divided into the following area:
(******)
(*****)
((******)
(******)
A

The structural stability of the masonry wall

The stability of the interior column, girder, and beam system.

Void spaces

The masonry wall as a barrier to fire extension.

56
Q

In any event be aware that an ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION BUILDING, however sturdy and well maintained, was built without any thought as to what would happen to the building in the event of a fire. By code definition, such buildings are (*******): they have no designed resistance to collapse in fire.

A

non fire resistive

57
Q

(**) and (*****) walls limit penetration by rain.

A

hollow

cavity

58
Q

Un even settlement between the brick and the blocks has caused the header bricks to crack. Consequently the (**) was developed. This truss is bedded into the mortar in specified courses. As a result, the header course is no longer necessary, and the appearance of a masonry bearing wall may be no different than that of a veneer wall with all stretchers.

A

masonry wire truss

59
Q

Arches and beams are two ways to carry the wall above an opening. Such a beam is called a ())***)

A

lintel

60
Q

the lintel commonly used today is a (**) or (*) section.

A

steel”L”

channel

61
Q

Collapse may be due to a variety of causes:

X7

A

Inherent structural instability

Failure of a non masonry support element

Increase in the live load due to fire fighter operations.

Collapse of a floor or roof with consequent impact load

Impact load of an explosion

Collapse of a masonry unit due to over heating.

Collapse of another building onto the building in question.

62
Q

Poorly made bricks (***) and can fail due to freezing.

A

absorb moisture

63
Q

Walls may come down in several ways. The worst and most dangerous collapse is when the wall breaks at (****) and fall straight out along its full length.

A

ground level

64
Q

Most fir service references will direct that a collapse zone should be set up at (****) times the height of the structure.

A

1 1/2

65
Q

Mortar that react chemically may (****) thus forcing the masonry out of alignment.

A

“grow”

66
Q

Parapet walls, that project above the roof line are particularly subject to (**) deterioration.

A

weather

67
Q

the use of (****) creates a potential failure hazard because it is water soluble

A

sand lime

68
Q

Stone barns have had fatal collapses resulting from fires attacking (**)

A

wooden lintels

69
Q

A (****) may indicate that the wall is being pushed out bus steel roof beams. elongating in the summer heat. When they contract in the winter, the wall may be left out of plumb and the beams may have little bearing.

A

horizontal crack

70
Q

A brick or stone may fall out an arch. If any arch unit (*******) is out, there is no arch.

A

vousoir

71
Q

Other ways to stabilize walls:

X3

A

Buttresses or masses or masonry outside the wall.

Pilasters or columns built inside the wall.

Wall columns, built with in the wall

72
Q

Reinforced concrete lintels are commonly used in (***) walls

A

masonry

73
Q

Examin a wall before breaching. If it is deteriorated, (***) because the entire wall may come apart.

A

discontinue breaching.

74
Q

If you are breaching a wall and you find material different from the rest of the wall, such as brick, steel, solid concrete blocks, or reinforced concrete you are probably into a (**) and under a major load. Stat again someplace else.

A

wall column

75
Q

When breaching a wall make a (*******) with the apex at the top. Do not cut straight lines across the top of the opening. Masonry unit mortared together are not designed to hang upside down. You may very likely cause a collapse.

A

triangular cut

76
Q

It is a common myth that concrete is inherently fire resistive. Concrete is inherently (****). It can be formulated to be fire resistive.

A

non combustible

77
Q

Braced walls are another sign that walls are in distress. (THis is signaled by (****) tying the wall to the side wall)>

A

stars, plates, channel sections, or other spreaders or straps

78
Q

The braces of unprotected structural steel, or worse yet, of steel cable (complete failure at (***)), ail fail at fire temperature.

A

800f

79
Q

Whenever material are combined in the structural support system, the fire characteristics of the (****) should govern assessment of the collapse potential.

A

poorer performer

80
Q

Some wall carry an eccentric load, as from a projected sign. THis must be (***), usually by tying the wall to the interior structure.

A

counter balanced

81
Q

(***) beams can project from a all to form balconies. WHen confronted with a cantilever the question is, “What is happening to the other end?”

A

cantilevered

82
Q

(**) gas trapped in unvented voids can detonate violently and blow down walls.

A

carbon monoxide

83
Q

Masonry walls are not designed to resist (**) impact loads.

A

lateral

84
Q

Brick or masonry walls that separate one electrical transformer from another are specially reinforced to resist (**).

A

lateral impact

85
Q

A (****) is a passageway, usually vertically cut into a masonry wall for a poe or conduit.

A

chase

86
Q

(***) the end of a beam is cut at an angle so the beam can fall out of the wall.

A

fire cut

87
Q

Floor beams are placed with an (**) camber or rise. Over the years they may sag. TO restore the (*) camber, the fire cut beams are some times turned upside down.

A

upward

upward

88
Q

A 100 foot steel beam reaches (***) at 1000F

A

100 F 9 inches

89
Q

Material tha absorbes water such as rags, waste paper, and fibrous material, should be stored at least (****) away from masonry walls to allow for expansion.

A

a foot

90
Q

Walls that are obviously deteriorated, braced, or tied certainly indicate that a (***) will probably bring down the walls.

A

floor collapse

91
Q

The INTERIOR structure consist of (*******)

A

floors, any necessary support for the floors, any suspended loads, and the roof.

92
Q

In recent years, COMBUSTIBLE floor and wall assemblies of wood a gypsum board have been developed that can achieve fire resistance ratings in standard fire test conducted in accordance with (****)

A

NFPA 251: Standar Methods of Fire Test of Standard Building Materials.

93
Q

The volume of fire gives a clue to how long the floors will last. Ordinary wood joisted floors are not formally rated by any standard fire test, but it is dangerous to trust them for more than (****).

A

10 minutes

94
Q

In oolder ordinary masonry buildings, the interior walls, if not of masonry are of (**) construction

A

balloon fram

95
Q

The only way to connect wood beams to wood girders and receive the full benefit of the time it takes the wood to burn through is to set the beams (****).

A

atop the girders

96
Q

BEAM TO BEAM connections must be made whenever an opening is provided in a wooden floor. The joist that are cut to provide the opening, and thus do not reach to the girder or bearing wall, are connected to a (**) which is in turn connected to (***)

A

header beam

trimmers

97
Q

(**) flora can be seen in most old interior mercantile buildings. THe girder sits on a steel shelf that protrudes from the column. A scrap of wood or a (*****), like a big staple, connects the girded and imparts some lateral stability under normal conditions.

A

self releasing.

dog iron

98
Q

WHen a column is offset the girder on which it rest becomes a (**) and is subject to severs shear stresses unless it was designed as a (**).

A

transfer beam

transfer beam

99
Q

Cast iron columns crate many problems good practice dictated that he column be topped by a (**), a solid iron ion of much smaller diameter than the column. THe (***) passed throughout the girder, surrounded by wood, and then enlarged to meet the full width of the column.

A

pintle

pintle

100
Q

After looking at a number of buildings with cast iron columns, the author suggest that the chief cause of their failure is the unsafe (*******), rather than the questionable :cols water on red hot cast iron”

A

connections

101
Q

Often the cast iron column is held in place only by (**) so that the slightest lateral movement can cause it to kick out.

A

gravity

102
Q

A (***) is a vertical shaft witih widows that provides light and ventilation to an enclosed room.

A

light well

103
Q

THere is on working platform firefighters use that has cost many lives—(**)

A

the roof

104
Q

One of the basic purposes of the roof is to keep the rain out. a Secondary purpose id to (***)

A

stabilize the walls

105
Q

Solid sawn wood contains (****) wood not necessary to carry the imposed load. When only this section of the wood is burning, roof strength is not greatly effected.

A

fat

106
Q

Whe exposed to the NFPA 251 standard fire exposure test, solid sawn beams lasted about (****) per inch of thickness of wood.

A

5 minutes

107
Q

A (***) might be set up, with the sole responsibility of determining whether the roof is safe to use as a platform.

A

roof safety sector.

108
Q

The best roof is one in which the roof beams rest on the (****)

A

girders

109
Q

IN an attempt to make use of natural light (***) plastic panels are made to the same dimensions as corrugated steel.

A

corrugated glass fiber reinforced plastic panels

110
Q

Some think that impact is avoided by the use of saws. Not so. There is no such thing as (**). A firefighter stepping on a roof as lightly as possible still imposes a momentary load on the roof at least (*) his or her bidy weight.

A

zero impact

twice

111
Q

A ventilation opening acts like a (**)

A

chimney

112
Q

(**) exhaust smoke and heat but they also accelerate the fire.

A

chimneys

113
Q

Working on or under a (***)roof that is well involved is dangerous and should not be permitted.

A

light weight wood truss

114
Q

The BOWSTRING TRUSS gets its name from the curved shape of the chord. Sometimes boasting trusses are known as (**).

A

arched trusses

115
Q

Some arches are (****) in which steel tension rod ties the ends of the arch together to eliminate the need for masonry.

A

tied arches

116
Q

Collapsing roofs often bring down masonry walls. When roof collapse is anticipated fire fighters, should be well beyond the (***)

A

collapse area

117
Q

Many code authorities in the eastern united states accept the use of treated plywood (FRTP) roofing extending (****) on each side of the fire wall.

A

four feet

118
Q

The existence of combustible voids has caused many serious losses even in sprinklered buildings because of failure to comply fully with (**). THe fire can be extinguished only if it breaks out of the void or if the fire department breaks into at the void.

A

NFPA 13: Standard for Instillation of Splrinkler Systems

119
Q

Then expression (**) has often been the first report of what turned out to be a disaster.

A

light smoke showing

120
Q

Heavy volumes of boiling smoke persisting even after the visible fire has been well controlled indicate fire in (*******).

A

inaccessible voids

121
Q

Older building have much higher (**) height than those built today.

A

ceiling

122
Q

In the case of row buildings, expect extension to the (**) exposures.

A

adjacent

123
Q

The generation of carbon monoxide in concealed spaces can be as much as (***) greater than what it would be in the open.

A

50 times

124
Q

The carbon monoxide flammability range is from (**) . It ignition temperature is (***)

A

12.5 to 74%

1128F

125
Q

Masonry building with spans greater than (****) must have interior bearing walls. In older buildings these walls ar usually of balloon frame construction unless made of masonry.

A

25 feet

126
Q

Interior masonry wall can be distinguished from wooden interior walls by their grater (***)

A

thickness

127
Q

A (8888888) is a structure of wood, masonry or metal that tops a wall and projects from it .

A

cornice

128
Q

A (**) by definition, is erected for the sole purpose of stopping fire, and the try;y adequate fire wall can accomplish this function unaided.

A

fire wall

129
Q

When openings have been made in walls to connect buildings (****) should be provided.

A

fire walls

130
Q

Pre-fire plans should indicate fire doors. It is a (**) function to see that they are closed properly.

A

truck company

131
Q

Fire fighters should be trained to inspect a fire door for proper operation. Particular attention should be paid to (**)

A

keeping the door path clear at all times.

132
Q

A (***) is thiner than two separate walls

A

party wall

133
Q

Fire units should never pass through a sliding or overhead rolling fire door without (**)

A

blocking it temporarily

134
Q

Fire fighters operating lines in a narrow alley are in serious danger. Study the problem in advance. Line directed (**) or (**) are two methods of attack.

A

directed downwards from the roof of the exposed building.

ladder pipes directed into the alley from the street.

135
Q

One method that could significantly improve fire fighter safety at the fire ground is for the fire department to set up a (**). Experienced fire offers who have studied building construction, assisted by consultants from the building department or from private sources, could survey buildings of ordinary construction a typical smaller buildings.

A

Board of building review

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