Hazmat 7 Flashcards by Charles M

Third step in the Eight step process (****)

Hazard and risk evaluation

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(****) refer to a danger or peril.

hazards

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In hazardous material response operations, (***) generally refer to the physical and chemical properties of the material.

hazards

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(*****) refers to the probability of suffering harm or loss.

(*****) risks

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(*****) cant be determined from books or pulled from computerized databases – they are those intangibles that are different at every hazmat incident

risks

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(****) Assessment of the hazards that may be involved in the incident, including the collection and interpretation of hazard and response information.

Hazard analysis

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(*****) this is the process where responders analyze the problem and asses potential outcome.

Risk evaluation

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(*******) The output of the risk evaluation process is the implementation of strategies and tactic that will produce a favorable outcome.

Development of the IAP

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(*****) Pure substance that can not be broke down into simpler substances by chemical.

element

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(****) Chemical combination of two or more elements or different ones that is electrically neutral.

compound

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(*****) Substances made up of two or more elements or compounds, physically mixed together.

mixture

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(*****) Mixture in which all of the ingredients are completely dissolved.

solution

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Solutions are composed of a (**) and a dissolved substance (known as a solute)

solvent

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(*****) pourable mixture of a solvent and a liquid.

slurry

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(****) Gases that have been transformed into extremely cold liquids stored a temperatures below -130F

Cryogenic Liquid

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(*****) substances are chemically altered and are changed into different substances with different physical and chemical properties after the change.

chemical change

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(****) Process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substance to another.

chemical interactions.

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(****) within a closed container can result in a build up of heat that, in turn, causes an increase in pressure.

chemical interactions

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(****) The electrostatic attraction of oppositely charges particles. Atoms or groups of atoms can form ions or complex ions

Ionic bounding

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(*****) The force holding together atoms that share electrons/

Covalent bounding

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(****) Materials that contain carbon atoms.

Organic materials

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(****) Compounds derived from other than vegetable and animal sources, which lack carbon chains but may contain a carbon atom.

In organic material

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(***) Compounds primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon.

Hydrocarbons

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(***) A hydrocarbon possessing only single covalent bonds, and all the carbon atom are saturated with hydrogen.

Saturated hydrocarbons

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(****) A hydrocarbon with at least one multiple bound between two carbon atoms somewhere in the molecule.

unsaturated hydrocarbons

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(*****) A hydrocarbon containing the benzene “ring” which is formed by six carbon atoms and contains resonant bonds.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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(****) A hydrocarbon with a halogen atom substituted for a hydrogen atom.

Halogenated hydrocarbons.

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(****) the state of a material at normal temperatures.

Normal physical state.

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Of the 700 chemicals listed in the NOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards, approximately (**) are listed as toxic through skin absorption.

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(*****) the pressure exerted by the vapor within the container against the sides of the container.

vapor presure

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760 mmhg is equivalent to () or ()

14.7 psi or 1 atmosphere/

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Materials with vapor pressures greater than 760 mmhg are usually found as (*****)

gases

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Water has a vapor pressure of (**)

25 mm hg

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Materials with a vapor pressure above (****) are producing vapor and can present a significant inhalation risk.

25 mm hg

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(***) The weight of a solid material as compared to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Specific gravity

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If the specific gravity is less than one, the material is lighter than water and will (**)

float

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If the specific gravity is greater than one, the material is heavier than water and will (*****)

sink

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Most insoluble hydrocarbon are lighter than water and will (**) on the surface.

float

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(*****) the weight of a pure vapor or gas compared with the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.

Vapor density

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If the vapor density of a gas is less than 1.0 the material is lighter than air and may (**)

rise

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If the vapor density is greater than 1.0, the material is heavier than air and will collect in (*****)

low enclosed areas

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Materials with a vapor density (***)will likely hang in the mid level and will not travel unless moved by wind or ventilation drafts

close to 1.0

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The molecular weight of air is (*****)

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materials with a molecular weight 29 will (*****)

rise

sink

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An easy way to remember common hazardous gases and simple asphyxiants lighter than air is the acronym (*******)

4H MEDIC ANNA

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(****) the temperature at which a liquid changes its phase to a vapor gas.

Boiling ponit

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(***) the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure

boiling point

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the lower the (*****) the more vapors that are produced at a given temperature.

boiling point

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In NIOSH Packet guide to chemical hazards, vapor density is identified as (***) or relative density

RgasD

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A low flash point flammable liquid will also have a low (*****), which translates into greater amounts of vapor being giving off.

boiling point

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(****) the temperature at which a solid changes its phase to a liquid.

melting point

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This temperature is also the freezing point depending upon the direction of the change.

melting point

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(*****) The ability of a substance to change from the solid to the vapor phase without passing through the liquid phase.

sublimation

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The opposite of sublimation is (*****)

deposition

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(*****) is the temperature above which a gas can not be liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied.

critical temperature

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(**) is the pressure that must be applied to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.

critical pressure

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A gas can not be liquefied above its (****)

critical temperature

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The lower the (****), the less pressure required to bring a gas to its liquid state.

critical temperature

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(***) occurs during the rapid release of a liquefied gas that causes it to rapidly cool, slow the boiling process, and remain a liquid state.

Auto refrigeration

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(*****) the ease with which a liquid or solid can pass into the vapor state.

volatility

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The higher a materials (**) the greater its rate of evaporation.

volatility

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(**) is a measure of a liquids propensity to evaporate, the higher a liquids vapor pressure, the more (*) the material is

vapor pressure

volatile

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(****) the rate at which a material will vaporize or change from liquid to vapor, as compared to the rate of vaporization of a specific known material—n butyl acetate

Evaporation rate

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The relative evaporation rate of butyl acetate is (***), and other materials are then classified.

1.0

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(****) The amount of gas produced by the evaporation of one volume of liquid at a given temperature.

Expansion ratio

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(****) this is a significant property when evaluating liquid and vapor releases of liquefied gases and cryogenic liquids.

expansion ratio

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The greater the (**), the more gas produced and the larger the hazard area.

expansion ratio

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(****) The ability or a solid, liquid, gas, or vapor to dissolve in water or other specified medium

solubility

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(*****) the ability of one material to blend uniformly with another, as in a solid in liquid, liquid in liquid, gas in liquid or gas in gas

solubility

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(*****) this is a significant property in evaluating spill control tactical options and for the selection of water and class B firefighting foams

solubility

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(****) The ability of materials to dissolve into a uniform mixture.

miscibility

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If a material is (*****) in water, we mean it is infinitely dissolvable in water.

miscible

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(****) an indication of the solubility and / or miscibility of a material.

degree of solubility

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degree of solubility
negligible --(******)
slight --  (******)
Moderate --  (*****)
Appreciable  --  (*****) 
complete --  (****)

less than 0.1%
0.1 to 1.0%
1 to 10%
greater than 10%
soluble at all portions

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(****) Measurement of the thickness of a liquid and its ability to flow.

Viscosity

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(****) are the intrinsic characteristics or properties of a substance described by its tendency to undergo chemical change.

Chemical properties

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the true identity of the material is changed as the result of a (****)such as reactivity and the heat of combustion.

chemical reaction

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(*****) typically provide responders with the understanding of how a material may harm.

chemical properties

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(*****) concentration of a material to which the body is exposed over a specific time

dose.

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dose = (****)

concentration x time

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(****) biological reaction caused by the dose in the body.

dose response

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The degree of harm is directly related to the (****) and its impact at the biological site of action.

dose

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(****) the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors that will ignite and flash over, but will not continue to burn without the addition of more heat.

Flash point

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(*****) significant in determining the temperature at which the vapors from flammable liquid are readily available and may ignite.

flash point.

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(*****) is also linked to the boiling point and vapor pressure; low flash point materials will typically have low boiling points and increasing vapor pressures.

flash point

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(****) Minimum temperature that a liquid gives off sufficient vapors that will ignite and sustain combustion.

fire point

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(***) the minimum temperature required to ignite gas or vapor without a spark or flame begin present.

ignition (auto ignition)

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(****) the range of a gas or vapor concentration (percentage by volume in air) that will burn or explode if an ignition source is present.

Flammable (explosive) range

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Below the lower flammable limit the mixture is to lean to burn; above the flammable limit the mixture is to (**) to burn,

rich

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(*****) the byproducts of the combustion process that are harmful to humans.

toxic products or combustion

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(**) the ability of a material to undergo a chemical reaction with the release of energy.

reactivity/instability

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(*****) can be initiated by mixing or reacting with other materials, the application of heat, physical shock, and so on.

reactivity

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(****) the ability of a material to 1 either give up its oxygen molecule to stimulate the oxidation of organic materials or 2 receive electrons being transferred from the substance undergoing oxidation.

oxidation ability

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(****) Materials that react with water or release a flammable gas

water reactivity

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(****) Materials that ignite spontaneously in air without an ignition source.

air reactivity pyrophoric materials

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(**) A process involving the bonding, un bonding, and re bonding of atoms, that can chemically change substances into other substances.

chemical reactivity

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(***) A reaction during which a monomer is induced to polymerize by the addition of a catalyst or other unintentional influences, such as excessive heat, friction, contamination.

polymerization

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(****) used to control the rate of a chemical reaction by either speeding it up or slowing it down.

catalyst

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(*****)added to products to control there chemical reaction to other products.

inhibitor

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(***) The maximum storage temperature that an organic peroxide may be maintained, above which a reaction and explosion may occur.

Maximum safe storage temperature

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(*****) the temperature at which an organic peroxide or synthetic compound will react to heat, light, or other chemicals and release oxygen, energy, and fuel in the form of an explosion or rapid oxidation.

Self accelerating decomposition temperature SADT

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(**) a material that causes a visible destruction of, or irreversible alterations to, living tissue by chemical action at the point of contact.

corrosivity

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Corrosive materials include

acids and caustics or bases.

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(*****) the process by which acids and bases break down when dissolved to produce hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions

dissociation

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(*****) Compound that forms hydrogen(H+) ions in water

acids

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These compound have a PH <7

acids

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Acidic aqueous solutions will turn litmus paper (**)

red

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Materials with a pH less than (*****) are considered strong acids

2.0

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(****) compound that forms hydroxide (OH-) ions in water

caustic (base, alkaline)

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these compounds have a pH >7

caustic (base, alkaline)

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caustic solutions will turn litmus paper (**)

blue

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Acidic or base corrosives are measured to one another by their ability to (****) in solution

dissociate

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Those that for the greatest number of hydrogen ions are the strongest (*****)

acids

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those that form the hydroxide ions are the strongest (*****)

basses

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The measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration in solution is called the (***) of the compound in solution

pH (power of hydrogen)

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The pH scale ranges from (****).

0 to 14

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A neutral substance would have a value of (*****)

pH 7

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(*****) the degree to which a corrosive ionizes in water .

strenght

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Strong acids (****)

pH <2

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strong base (*****)

pH>12

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(***) the percentage of an acid or base dissolved in water.

concentration

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(*****) The ability of a material to emit any form of radioactive energy.

radioactivity

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(****) is the movement of energy through space or matter in the form of waves or particles.

radiation

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(*****) the rate of disintegration or decay of a radioactive material.

activity

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(*****) indicates how much radioactivity is present and not how much material is present.

activity

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(****) standard unit of measurement for alpha and beta radiation, and is also commonly used to express background radiation in numerical terms.

Counts per minute CPM

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(*****) the quantity of radiation or energy absorbed in the body, usually measured in millirems (mrem)

dose

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(**) the radiation dose delivered per unit of time.

dose rate

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(*****) The time it takes for the activity of radioactive material to decrease to one half of its initial value through radioactive decay.

half life

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Biological threat agents consist of (**) and (*)

pathogens

toxins

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(*****) are disease producing organisms and include bacteria and viruses.

pathogens

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(****) are produced by a biological source and include ricin, botulinum toxins, and T2 mycotoxins

toxins

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(****) the time from exposure to a biological agent to the appearance of symptoms in infected persons

incubation period

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(****) The amount of pathogen required to cause infection in the host

infectious dose

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(*****) are classified in military terms based on there effects on the enemy.

chemical agents

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nerve agent

neurotoxins

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chocking agent

respiratory irritants

Blood agent

chemical asphyxiants

Vesicants and blister agents

skin irritant

Anti personnel agents

riot control agents

(****) refers to the length of time a chemical agent remains as a liquid.

persistence

A chemical agent is said to be (*****) if iit remains as a liquid for longer than 24 hours and

persistent

despite the large number of resources available most responders initially rely on (**) primary response guidebooks for most of their data and information.

three to five

In the US the most recognized emergency information center is (***)

CHEMTREC

The (***) is the federal governments central reporting point for all oil, chemical, radiological, biological, and etiological releases into the environment in the US

NRC National Response center

the (*****) must be notified by the responsible party if a hazardous materials release exceeds the reportable quantity (RQ) provisions of CERCLA

NRC

(***) is the leading federal public health agency for hazmat incidents and operates a 24 hour emergency number for providing advice on health issues involving hazmat releases.

Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

Operated by OSU in cooperation with EPA, (****) provides information on pesticide related health/ toxicity questions, properties, and minor clean up to physicians, veterinarians, responders, and the general public.

National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC)

(**) is the most widely used computer based software tool used by hazmat responders.

CAMEO Computer Assisted Management of Emergency Operations

(**) is the mapping application that allows users to “see” their data, display this information on computer maps…..

MARPLOT (Mapping Applications for Response Planning, and Local Operational Tasks)

(****) is the atmospheric plume dispersion model used for evaluating releases of hazardous materials vapors.

ALOHA (area locations of hazardous atmospheres)

(*****) allows users to estimate the down wind dispersion of a chemical cloud …….

ALOHA

(*****) is an electronic tool developed by the US Library of Medicine.

WISER

the wireless information system for emergency responders

(*****) was specifically designed for emergency responders to provide a wide range of information on hazardous substances, including substance identification support…..

WISER

(*****) is an excellent tool that can be downloaded and used for determining the effects of various chemical mixtures.

the NOAA Chemical reactivity work sheet

the OSHA (**) has specific requirements pertaining to hazard markings, worker access to hazard information, and worker exposures to chemicals in the work place.

Hazard Communication Standard

(*****) is an integral part of site safety operations and a cornerstone of a risk based emergency response philosophy

monitoring

Hazardous materials concentrations can be identified, quantified, and / or verified in two ways

on site use of direct reading instruments

2 laboratory analysis

(*****) provide information at the time of sampling, thereby allowing for rapid, on scene evaluation and decision making.

direct reading instruments

(****) also known as lag time, this is the period of time between the instrument senses a product and when the monitoring reading is produced.

Instrument Response time

Monitors with a pump typically have a response time of (*****).

3 to 5 seconds

Monitors with a pump and a diffusion mode have response times of (***)

30 to 60 seconds

Use of tubing — add (**) of lag time for each foot of hose.

1 to 2 seconds

monitors also have a (****) which is the amount of time it take the monitor to clear itself of the sample.

recovery time

(****) the lowest concentration to which the monitor will respond.

lower detection limit

The lower the (***), the quicker the contaminate concentrations can be evaluated.

lower detection limit

(****) the process of adjusting a monitoring instrument so that its reading correspond to actual, known concentrations of a given material.

calibration

(****0 a field test in which an instrument is exposed to a known calibration gas and the sensors show a response or alarm.

bump test

A reading of zero should be reported as (***) rather than clean, since quantities of chemicals may be present that can not be detected by that particular instrument.

no instrument response

Hazardous locations are defined in article 500 of NFPA 70 (***)

the National Electric Code NEC

Three simultaneous conditions can create a hazardous location

vapors, dust, or fibers are present in sufficient quantity to ignite
source of ignition may be present
the resulting exothermic reaction could propagate beyond where it started.

(****) flammable gases or vapors

class I location

(***) concentrations of combustible dusts

class II location

(****) areas concerned with the presence of easily iqnitable fibers or flyings.

class II location

(***) encases the electrical equipment in a rigid built container.

Explosion proof construction

(*****) equipment or wiring is incapable or releasing sufficient electrical energy

Intrinsically safe

(*****) is used for protecting totally enclosed electrical equipment with an inert gas under a slight positive pressure from a reliable source

purging

three type of radiation detectors

scintillation
Geiger Mueller tubes
ion chambers

(***) are used for detecting gamma and x ray radiation, but may also detect high energy beta particles

Radiation pagers

(****) monitor the accumulated dose receive by an individual

personnel dosimeters

three types of LEL sensors:

catalytic bead
metal oxide semi conductors
infrared

(**) uses a bar code chip that is inserted into a pump .

Drager chip measurement system

Monitoring results should be documented as follows:

instrument
location
time
level
reading

If a corrosive liquid is suspected, responders should use (****) wetted with sterilized water to determine if a corrosive atmosphere is present.

pH paper

A positive reading (**) above background confirm the existence of a radiation hazard/

twice

Since flammability and oxygen level are directly related, monitoring for flammability an oxygen is usually implemented simultaneously through combination (****)

CGI/O2 meters

(***) detector tubes can be used for both known and unknown substance.

colorimetric

(**) Any positive reading twice above back ground level or alpha and/or beta particles that are (***) counts per minute above back ground would confirm the existence of a radiation hazard and should be used for the basis of initial actions.

Radiation

200 to 300

Flammability — the IDLH action level is (**)

10% of Lower explosive Limit

An IDLH oxygen deficient atmosphere is () oxygen or lower, while an oxygen enriched atmosphere contains (**)

23. 5%

Toxicity— unless a published action level or similar guideline is available, the (**) or (*) values should initially be used.

STEL

IDLH

If there is no published IDLH value, responders may consider using an estimated IDLH of (****)

10 X TVL/TWA

HOT ZONE – Monitor readings above (****)

STEL or IDLH

WARM ZONE – monitor readings equal to or greater than (***)

TLV/TWA or PEL exposure values

COLD ZONE – Monitor readings less than (***)

TLV.TWA or PEL exposure values

the risk based response must include

analyzing the problem
identifying and assessing the hazards
evaluating the potential consequences
determining the appropriate response action based on the facts.

You should be able to apply and use the basic principles outlined in the (**) for initial hazard and risk assessment tasks posed by a hazardous materials incident

General Hazardous Material Behavior Model

The (*****) will prescribe the specific monitoring and detection equipment that should be used for initial entry and assessment task.

AHJ

A baseline capability used for most HMRT will include:

a radiological detection device
a multi gas detector to determine flammability and oxygen levels.
a photoionization detector(PID) to evaluate potential toxicity.
pH paper to evaluate corrosivity hazards

(****) may be used tor the initial assessment of radiological hazards.

Radiation pagers

radiation survey meters

A (****) will assist in identifying or classifying the basic flammability and oxygen deficiency/enrichment hazards that may be present.

multi gas detector

A (*******) detector may assist in classifying and identifying toxic products that emit vapors and gases.

photoionization detector

(****) will detect both acids and caustics.

pH paper

(****) is focused on the correct use of detection and monitoring equipment available by the AHJ to the HMT.

NFPA 472 7.2.1.3.5

classifying and identifying unknown materials, and quantifying the hazards posed by known materials, is a (****) task for the HMT

bread and butter

Field screening begins with the (**) including instrumentation, to determine the general characteristics of an unknown substance.

selection of the appropriate tools and equipment.

A field screen of any scene should include and initial check for (***)

explosive devices

Field screening must include a check for (*****)

radiation

flammability risk should be checked with a (***)

combustible gas indicator

Corrosivity should be checked using either (*******)

pH paper or a pH meter

oxygen levels should also be checked, especially when operating in an indoor confined area. This is commonly accomplished with an (*****), but single oxygen meters may also be used.

oxygen sensor

An unknown container or atmosphere should also be evaluated for the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). this is typically done with a (*****) which may be integrated into a multi gas instrument.

photoionization detection devices (PID)

If air monitoring provides no information on the identity or the hazard class or the unknown, responders may collect samples to conduct (**) of the material or send the sample to a (*) for further analysis.

field test

lab

(****) these systems relay on a series of field chemical test that follow a predefined logic sequence to identify unknown liquids and solid materials.

commercial chemical identification kits

(****) This technology records the interaction of infrared spectra with chemical samples, measuring the frequencies at which a sample absorbs light and the intensities of the absorption.

Fourier - Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR)

FT-IR technology can allow for the specific identification of (****) samples

liquid and solid

(*****) systems currently used in the field rely on responders acquiring a sample and then subjecting the sample to some testing process.

Biological detection systems

(****) compares the DNA of the samples to those in a library

Polymrease chain reaction (PCR)

Any materials and equipment used for evidence collection must be certified (*****), kept sealed, and only used one time to collect each sample.

clean

If a sample becomes part of a criminal or regulatory investigation, (**) procedures must be followed and documented.

chain of custody

(*****) is used to asses the level of risk, determine material hazards and characteristics, and make emergency response and clean up decisions.

sampling

Bio samples should be collected in a (**), while chemical samples should be collected in certified (*) containers.

sterile

clean

(*****) are the same container that has been used for evidence sample, but that has not been exposed at the scene.

Control blanks

(****) have been used successfully by the FBI and USSS to manage and respond to threats at major public event.

Joint Hazards Assessment Teams (JHATs)

The (****) concept is an effective response tool for public safety agencies challenged by major events that draw large numbers of people to a concentrated area where egress, response times, and crowd control could become a concern.

JHATs

(****) are defined as organized teams that provide technical support for planning and responding to threats at special events.

JHATs

the goal of (**) is to bring together a highly skilled cohesive response team that provides the IC with technical assessment, operational guidance, and communications support for identified threats that may occur at a major event.

JHATs

the only time when evidence may be left alone is when stored at a (****) designed for holding evidence.

secured location

(***) covers the bulk collection and packaging of suspicious visible powders that are suspected biological agents from solid non porous surfaces.

Sample Collection Method A

(***) covers swab sampling

Sample Collection Method B

When dealing with flammable liquids, bung caps should be unscrewed, at approximately (*****) per movement.

0.25 inches

A hazmat (**), () or (***) is often used to collect drum samples.

drum thief
coliwasa
poly ethylene bailer

a (***) is a simple cost effective and efficient tool and is the most widely used implement for drum sampling.

poly hazmat theif

Use a (**) or small (*) attached to the end of a pole to collect a sample from a puddle

turkey baster

small plastic/ glass cup

Slick on top of water. – use a piece of loosely woven (****) attached to a string.

fiberglass cloth

Heavier than water unknowns – lower a (**) or (**) into the water and open it when the bomb enters the layer to be sampled

bomb sampler

weighted bottle sampler

Deep holes – lowers a (****) on a string or fishing line into the hole to collect the sample.

glass or plastic bottle

dry piles or solids – Surface samples from piles can be collected with a (**) or (**) attached to the end of a sample pole.

plastic or stainless steel scoop

cup

Hazmat WMD incident scene

these incidents will pass though four distinct phases of management.

tactical
operational
crime scene
remediation

(*****) involves the removal of any hostile threats from the hazmat environment

tactical phase

(****) A critical step in this phase is the render safe of all explosive devices and anti personnel devices.

operational

(***) responders should NOT gather samples with the intent of those samples becoming evidence.

non law enforcement

Responders should consider using (), (), or (*****) sampling equipment when looking for trace organic compounds, .

glass
Teflon
stainless steel

using (),(), (**) when sampling for trace metals

Teflon
plastic
glass

Many responders rely on (),() and (**) to ensure all information requirements have been prioritized and addressed.

data forms
checklist
tactical worksheets

() is the most critical task preformed by emergency responders. Failure to understand and preform the () process correctly can lead to scenarios where the responders ultimately take great risks in situations where there may be little or no gain.

risk evaluation

The overall objective of emergency responders at any emergency is to favorably change or influence the (****).

outcome

(***) outcomes are typically stated as fatalities, injuries, property and environmental damage

direct outcome

(****) outcomes include systems disruptions, damaged reputations, and residual fears.

indirect outcomes.

(****) is defined as the process of breaking down complex actions into smaller more easily understood parts. It helps responders to 1. understand, track, and predict a given sequence of events; and 2. decide where and how to change that sequence.

event analysis

an easy way to visualize hazmat behavior is by using the (***) an excellent tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of the container and its contents at a hazmat incident.

GHMBO

General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model

Understanding and applying the (**) is the foundation of the hazardous materials risk based response.

GHMBO

(****0) is defined as a applied force or system of forces that tend to either strain or deform a container (external action) or trigger a change in the condition of the contents (internal action).

stress

Three types of stresses:

thermal , mechanical, chemical

(*****) generally associated with hot or cold temperatures and their effects upon the container or its contents.

thermal stress

(****) the result of a transfer of energy when object physically contacts or collides with another.

mechanical stress

(****) the result of a chemical reaction between two or more materials

chemical stress

There are five basic types of breach behaviors:

disintegration
Runaway crack
Failure of container attachments
container punctures
5 container splits or tears

(***) the total loss of container integrity.

disintegration

(***) Occurs in closed containers such as liquid drums or pressure barrels. A small crack in a closed container may suddenly develop in to a rapidly growing crack the encircles the container.

Runaway crack

Linear cracking is commonly associated with (*****)

BLEVE

boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion

(****) Usually associated with mechanical stressors that result in a breach of the container.

container punctures

(****) examples include torn fiber or plastic bags such as those used for certain oxidizers.

Container splits or tears

There are four types of release:

detonation
violent rupture
rapid relief
. Spills and leaks

(*****) An explosive chemical reaction with a release rate of <0.01 seconds

detonation

(****) Associated with chemical reactions having a release rate o 0.01 to 1 second.

Violent rupture

(****) ranges from several seconds to several minutes, depending on the size of the opening, type of container and the nature of its contents.

Rapid relief

(****) Release rate very from minutes to hours. These are generally a low pressure, non violent flow through broken or damaged valves…..

Spills or leaks

Once the hazardous material and / or energy is released, it is free to travel or disperse, subsequently (****) an area

engulfing

First responders routinely use the (****) to initially estimate the area potentially impacted by hazmat release.

Emergency response guidebook– Table of initial isolation and protective action distances

(***) are another excellent tool for predicting the dispersion of air borne gases and high vapor pressure liquid releases

Computer based plume dispersion models

Common plume dispersion models include (**) and ()

Aloha

CHARM

As the hazardous material and / or its container engulf an area they will (*****) on or come into contact with exposures.

impinge

Impingements are categorized based on their (****)

duration

(****) impingements have durations of minutes to hours.

short term

(****) impingements may extend over a period of days weeks or even months

medium term

(****) impingements extend over years and perhaps even generations

long term

Before responders can favorably influence the outcome of a hazmat incident, they must first understand what (*****) is likely to occur within the engulfed area if they do not intervene

harm

Harm can be categorized in the following forms:

thermal
toxicity/poison
radiation
asphyxiation
corrosivity
etiological
mechanical

(*****) harm resulting from exposure to hot or cold temperature extremes

thermal

(****) Harm resulting from exposure to poisons or toxic material

toxicity/poisons

(****) harm resulting from radioactive material

radiation

(****) harm resulting from exposure to biological materials, including bacteria, viruses, and biological toxins

etiological

(****) harm resulting from contact with fragmentation of debris scattered as a result of a pressure release.

Mechanical

the (*****) provides responders with the mental framework to assess incident potential and estimate outcomes within engulfed areas.

GHMBO

The IAP is based upon the ICs assessment of 1. () and 2. ()

incident potential

2. the initial operating strategy

(****) goals are a broad game plan developed to meet incident priorities.

strategic

Essentially (**) goals are “what are you going to do to make the problem go away?”

strategic goals

(*****) objective are specific and measurable processes implemented to achieve strategic goals.

tactical objectives

Tactical response objective to control and mitigate the hazmat problem may be implemented in either an (),() or (**) mode

offensive
defensive
non intervention

(****) these are aggressive leak, spill, and ire control tactics designed to quickly control or mitigate the emergency.

offensive mode

(****) These are less aggressive spill and fire control tactics where certain areas may be conceded to the emergency, with response efforts directed toward limiting the overall size or spread of the problem.

Defensive mode

(****) decrease the risk to responders and may be employed as a means of, for instance, reducing the size of a spill or reducing the pressure of an affected pipeline or tank.

defensive tactics

(****) is essentially no action . ti brief, the risks of intervening are unacceptable when compared to the risks of allowing the incident to follow a natural outcome…

Non intervention

In some situations (****) tactics may be implemented until sufficient resources arrive on scene and an offensive attack can be implemented.

non intervention

(***) tactics are always preferable over offensive tactics if they can accomplish the same objective in a timely manner.

defensive

MC331 cargo tank trucks must meet the container design requirements of both () and the (*)

DOT

ASME pressure vessel code

(****) is the relative ability of a material to bend or stretch without cracking.

ductility

(****) materials have a fine grain structure and tend to bend but not crack.

ductile

(****) materials have a coarse grain structure and tend to crack rather than bend.

Brittle

Area in the tank material next to the actual weld material. this area is less ductile than either the weld or the steel plate due to the effects of the heating during the welding process is is most vulnerable to damage as crack are likely to stat there.

heat-affected zone

(*****) deformation of the steel when it is bent at ambient temperatures or results from an impact or static load.

cold work

cold work reduces the (*****) of the metal.

ductility

Almost all container damage in an emergency is (*****)

cold work

bear in mind that the temperature of a tanks contents may lag behind ambient temperatures by up to (*****)

6 hours

(*****) narrow split or break in the container metal, which may penetrate through the container metal.

crack

(****) reduction in the thickness of the container shell. It is an indentation in the shell made by a relatively blunt object.

score

A (**0 is characterized by the reduction of the container or weld materials so that the metal is pushed aside along the track of contact with the blunt object.

score

Scores caused by prolonged contact with a tank car wheel are called (****)

wheel burns

(*****)— reduction in the thickness of the tank shell. It is the indentation in the shell made by a sharp, chisel like object.

gouge

A (**) is characterized by the cutting and removal of some of the container or weld material along the track of the contact.

gouge

(***) reduction of the thickness of a railroad tank shell. It is similar to a score but is caused by prolonged contact with a turning railcar wheel.

wheel burn

(****) a deformation of the tank head or shell. it is cause by impact with a relatively blunt object.

dent

(*****) a deformation of the shell of a rail road tank car. it is actually a long dent with a gouge at the bottom of the inward dent.

rail burn

A (*****) is general caused by the tank car passing over a stationary object, such as a wheel flange or rail

rail burn

(**) a deformation in the shell of a highway cargo tank. It is actually a long dent that is inherently flat.

street burn

A (*****) is generally caused by a container overturning and sliding some distance along a cement or asphalt road.

street burn

(*****) consist of loose, unconsolidated surface materials, such as sand, gravel, silt, and clay.

soil

(*****) is the hard, consolidated material, that lies under the soil, such as sandstone, limestone, or shale.

bedrock

Generally, rocks and soil consist of small fragments or sand grains. When compressed together, they may form small voids or pores. Measurement of the total volume of these voids is called (*****) of the rock or soil.

porosity

(*****) are permeable sections of soil or rock capable of transmitting water

aquifers

The source of most groundwater is (****) over land, which percolates into porous soils and rocks at the surface.

precipitation

(*****) accounts for the majority of the drinking water in the US.

ground water.

ground water moves extremely slowly. the rate of flow depends on the permeability of the underground aquifer and the slope of the (****) of the water table.

hydraulic gradient

Although combustible gas indicators(CGIs) are excellent tools for evaluating flammable atmospheres, they may not be very effective for assessing low level flammable concentrations such as those found with (***)spills

subsurface or sewer spills

Ground water supplies can become contaminated by concentration as small as (****)

200 parts per billion ppb

Most sewer emergencies involve (***) liquids

flammable and combustible liquids

(****) this is a closed system that carries liquid and water carried waste from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants and institutions, as well as minor quantities of storm water, surface water, and ground water that are not admitted intentionally.

Sanitary sewer

(****) this is an open system that collects storm water, surface water, and street wash and other drainage from throughout the community but exclude domestic waste water and industrial waste.

Storm sewer

Storm sewer are generally much larger that sanitary sewers ranging from (**) pipes to greater than () tunnel

2 foot

20 foot

(****) carries domestic and industrial wastewater as well as storm or surface water

Combined sewer

There are four primary elements of a waste water system

collection and pumping
filtering system
liquid treatment system
solid treatment system

the highest risk of fire or explosion (waste water system) are associated with (****) operations and with the early stages of liquid and solid processing

collection and pumping

The greatest potential for either environmental damage (waste water system) or shut down of a waste water treatment plant operation will take place at the (****) .

liquid and solid stream treatment process

Most pumping stations will have two parts a (****)

wet and dry well

The (**) receives and temporarily stores the waste water.

wet well

(**) often contain electrical equipment such as fans pumps motors …

wet well

the (*****) provides isolation and shelter for the controls and equipment associated with pumping the waste water. they are designed to completely exclude waste water and waste water derived atmospheres, although there may be accidental leakage from pump shafts or occasional spills.

dry well

Depending of the type of sewer system and specific location, most areas are classified by the (*****)

NEC as Class I, division 2 areas

There are two basic scenarios involving releases into a sewer collection system.

above ground release

underground tank and pipe leaks

Some rules of thumb for evaluating monitoring readings (sewer) are as follows
1 if the readings are high in one area and drop off in a relative short period of time, the source of the problem is often a () or dumping
2. If readings are consistent over a period of time, the source of the problem is often a (**) release, such as an underground storage tank or pipeline.

spill

subsurface release

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Hazmat 7 Flashcards

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