Brannigan 11 Flashcards
Alothgh the “MODEL” building and fire code attempt to standardize requirements, local jurisdictions make (**) (changes to customize the code for the city)
local amendments
Codes are rewritten and issued every (*****) years
three
The Natinal Bureau of Standards(NSB) is know known as (*******)
National Institute of Standard and Technology NIST
Combutible Multiple dwellings include () as well as modern () and (****) and similar structures
Garden Apartments
Rowhouses
town houses
THe term (***), although commonly used for many structures, is a financial legal term. It is not a useful descriptive tern for fire fighters.
condominnium
By law the condominium must be (***)
connected tot he ground
Exterior structural walls of garden apartments are made of various material:
()
()
()
(*)
Solid masonry
Brick veneer over platform wood frame
Partially solid masonry, partially brick veneer on wood.
wood
The usual height limit for GARDEN APARTMENTS is (****) although four stories is becoming common place.
3
Most fires start in (**) spaces
tenant
Author Brannnigan always advised tenants to help themselves in four basic ways:
Be fully insured
Keep property of unique value in a bank vault
Ca;l fire department immediately
Evacuate immediately
Space is general limited when it comes to parking . Preincident plan review should include this problem including calling for a minimum of (****) of clear width, proper turning radii, red stripping of curves, and singe.
20 feet
Building location can be confusing, and may present problems not necessarily related to street address. Even though maps are provided by management a (*******) makes a good indoor planning exercise
map drill
Usually all the gas meters in an apartment complex are located in one (****) location.
basement
(**) has excellent fire protection characteristics. Is is the only construction material that does not yield heat when urned in pure oxygen. When binders and paper are added to make familiar (**) however it yields some heat.
gypsum
gypsum board
When gypsum board is heated by fire it starts to deteriorate and gives up its moisture. THis process is called (**) once started, it appeared to be irreversible.
calcination
Wood stud and floor beams combined with gypsum board can be used to construct floor and ceiling assemblies or walls that pass the (*****) fire resistance test and earn a one hour or greater rating.
NFPA 251 ASTM E 119
THere are four principal deficiencies in the instillation of gypsum board.
Gypsum board is commonly nailed up over voids with infinite space with large air supply behind them
Nail heads often are not properly cemented over
joints are not properly taped
Deviations form the listings are permitted by building departments.
Though never stated explicitly in any code, the concept behind the use of gypsum board is that it (****) to protect the combustible structure form the fire in the contents
protective sheathing or membrane
Attics are vented to prevent condensation. The lower vents are located in the (****) below the projecting eaves.
soffit
Where the fire rested partition wall meets then fire rated floor the (**) satisfies the building code.
compartmentation
(*****) are often used to separate units in multi family residential structures.
firewalls
Ideally a firewall should be able to stop the extension of the fire (**) fire department assistance.
without
One of the primary defects involves not bringing a masonry firewall through the roof with a masonry (****)
parapet
Permitting (*******) to project beyond a firewall is another defect in firewalls. This provides a gap for fire to pass around the end of the wall.
overhangs or mansards
(**) and (**) are intended to limit the combustible void area in the attic to which the fire has access.
Fire barriers
draft stops
Draft stops, although not rated and don’t have to meet assembly requirements, never the less they are required to be (***)
tight and complete without openings.
Most NFPA 13 protected apartment buildings are required to have a (***) fire department connection
1/12”
There is probably no class of building that good fire planning and training can pay off more than in (**)
garden apartments
Crude attempts at making a fire barrier by using (**) have been made in row houses. THe () does not cut the floor voids or the cockloft. (***) is also found in old individual houses. It served as a heat sink for winter warmth.
brick nogging
(*******)
THis type of apartment building is typically found in New England, particularly in Massachuettes and Rhode Island. These there storied flat roofed structures have three apartment units, one on each floor, which is accessed by interior stairs. They typically do not have fire escapes. They are characterized by porches on each level. It is these porches that play a critical role in fire spread.
The Three decker
From a fire protection standpoint, (*****) are large void that pass through multiple floors allowing smoke and heart o move vertically through the building.
ATRIA
Building codes only require that ATRIA connect a minimum of (*****) without a minimum size requirement.
2 floors
Building codes specify numerous requirements for ATRIA ;
full sprinkler protection throughout the building (with the exception of the top of the ATRIA is elf if it more than (*****)feet above the floor because it is felt that sprinklers will not activate so high above the floor.
A smoke control system
standby power for the building
55
THe fire code requires that the floor of the ATRIUM be limited to (***) fire hazards
low
BUilding codes typically allow up to (*****) floor to be open to the atrium
three
Seperations in the case of Atria mean non aesthetic material like gypsum board and concrete block or more commonly wired glass or (most commonly tempered glass with closely spaced (****) sprinklers to wash the glass during a fire.
every six feet
Another area allowed to be open in the atrium is the (*****) found in many hotels that surround an atrium.
walkway
THe maximum (***) levels open to the atrium are required to be included in the calculations of the smoke control system design.
three
Atria
Activation of the smoke control system is usually triggered by (**) and (*****)
water flow
smoke detectors
Atria
(**) which can cover large expanses of area with a single light beam, are often used.
Projected Beam detectors
Another feature of places of worship is the stained glass windows. Although valuable for ventilation, the are invaluable tin terms of cost and heritage. However the (***) (the circular window over the main entrance) does provide a location where large caliber streams can be trained on the roof.
stained glass rose window
Perhaps the most dangerous times in terms of fire at a place of worship is during (**)
renovations
A (*******) is essentially under the building code a single building enclosing a number of tenants, including retail stores, offices, and other similar uses where the tenant have an opening onto one or more malls.
covered mall
(***), large stores (often department stores) attached to the mall, have all the required exits independent of the mall.
Anchor stores
Recent building codes have allowed covered mall buildings to be of unlimited are (which means they can be measured i size of square miles not square feet) if constructed of type I,II,II, or IV construction and having (*****) of open space around them for exposure protection.
60 feet
ClassI systems often have water in the lines, but will require pressure through (*******)
fire department connections
Class system will have hose outlet in the mall at the (**) and (), At each (), and at (****) to the mall
entrance to each corridor
exit passageways
each floor level in stairwells
exterior public entrances
THe key to safe operations in a factory is first to understand (**) and () and also how the structure has been (*) to meet these manufacturing need.
what is to be made
how it will be made
designed / altered
One common trait of most factories is the (***), which can pose a safety risk to firefighters.
production equipment
(**) a more substantial fire rated corridor with limitations on openings in to it.
exit passageway
(***) gas that ignites in air without introduction of an ignition source
pyrophoric gas
The (***) explains how the materials are to be safely stored.
Hazardous materials management plan (HMMP)
THe (****) list the material, hazards, and quantities of the hazmat.
Hazardous Material Inventory Statement (HMIS)
The (****) set limits on the quantity of specific types of hazmat that may be stored/used in a building
fire code
Groups of low quantities of hazmat are permitted in (****) which are essentially areas surrounded by one hour fire assemblies.
control area
THe fire cod in turn allows for multiple control area on a given floor of the building, depending upon the (**)on which it is located.
story
THe number of control area is (****) if the location is on higher floors or on lower levels below grade.
reduced
Depending on the type of material and its (****) is it in (solid / liquid / gas ), special systems or building features will be required. Special systems can include gas detection equipment, and alarms, ventilation systems, specialized suppression systems, and the like. Construction features can include dranaiage and containment, classified electrical equipment for hazardous locations, fire rated assemblies, and explosion venting.
form
It is best to consult the (), the () and your (*****) to understand how hazardous materials are being stored / used in a facility.
HMMP
HMIS
fire inspector
In the past industry often took an opposite tack. Buildings housing hazardous processes were isolated and built of (****) construction elements
friable
(****) easily disintegrated
Friable
Special purpose buildings may be designed to channel the force of an internal explosion in a desired direction (**)
explosion venting
Transformers stations are often built with heavy walls to protect one transformer from an explosion in an adjacent transformer and to direct the blast (*******)
upward or outward
THere are many definitions of high-rise buildings. At the International Conference on Fire Safety in High Rise Buildings, the generally accepted definition of a high-rise building was a building (*******)
beyond the reach of aerial ladder equipment.
The huge populations of modern high rise buildings may make evacuation an almost unmanageable problem…….. A strong (****) may be required to provide the working space and order needed for fire department operations
police presence
(****) floors pass water easily, and a serious salvage problem should be anticipated with this type of construction.
Tile arch
One of the most common alteration to older buildings is to install (****), often with void spaces to hide new utility line.
new ceilings
Fire loads also may have grown to high levels. This may be particularly true in the case of (**)
public buildings
Spandrel area (***)
the space between the top of one widow and the bottom of another.
Jurisditional conflicts or lack of (***) in public billings may prevent effective code enforcement inspections.
legal authority
The development of (**) and (****) helped remove limits to the floor area. Thus building populations could be enormously increased. As a result menu floors have substantial areas beyond the reach of hose lines .
fluorescent lights
air conditioning
The Empire state building weights about 23 pounds per cubic foot. A typical modern high rise weights aproximently (**) pounds per cubic foot.
8
The spray on material and floor to ceiling were developed to provide (***)
lighter construction
