Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Final FA review > 4/4 micro/rapidreview > Flashcards

4/4 micro/rapidreview Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Direction dilation of arteries & inhibition of platelet aggregation: which drugs?

A

cilostazol & dipyridamole.

-PDE3 inhibitors: inc. cAMP in platelets + also vasodilate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cilostazol

  • mech:
  • use?
A

PDE 3 inhibitors.

  • inc cAMP in platelets = prevents aggregation.
  • arterial vasodilator.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

argatroban

  • mech:
  • use?
A

direct thrombin inhibitor

  • Derivative of hirudin (used by leeches).
  • used instead of heparin in pts w/HIT.

*same as bivalirudin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cardinal ligament

  • aka?
  • contains which vessels?
A

transverse cervical ligament

-contains uterine vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

-provides sensory info to which region?

A

lateral forearm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Forceful injury involving separation of neck and shoulder

-which nerve is in trouble?

A

musculocutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

medial forearm sensory inn?

A

ulnar n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

heard best over cardiac apex and radiates to axilla

-which murmur

A

mitral regurg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do pts w/Crohns disease get gallstones?

A

dec bile acid resorption leads to too much cholesterol in your bile.

  • get cholesterol gallstones.
  • dont confuse kidney stones w/gallstones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

binge alcohol drinking can precipitate which murmur?

-what will EKG show?

A

afib.
* pericarditis & inc. sym tone can also precipitate it.
- no discrete P waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

varenicline

-mech:

A

partial agonist at nicotinic receptor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MEN 1

-mnemonic:

A

3 Ps

-pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MEN 2A

-mnemonic:

A

PPM

  • parathyroid, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  • remember, that has the one that seems to be contradictory - bc medullary thyroid carcinoma releases calcitonin & parathyroids release PTH.
  • opposite hormones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MEN 2B

-mnemonic:

A

MMP

  • medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  • marfanoid habitus
  • pheochromocytoma
  • neuromas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normal pressures:

-RV:

A 
max = 25
min = 4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal pressures

-RA:

A 
max = 8
min = 0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal perssures

-Pulm art:

A 
max = 25
min = 9
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which area has higher diastolic/minimum pressure?

RV or pulm art?

A

Pulm. art.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Normal pressure

-LA:

A 
max = 12
min = 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

RA vs LA

-which ones normal minimum pressure can drop to 0?

A

RA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cystine kidney stones

-precipitate at which pH?

A

acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Opening snap heard in which murmur?

A

mitral stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chloroquine

-mech

A

-Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chloroquine

  • which malarial organism is it not effective against?
  • why?
A

P. falciparum.

-Resistance due to membrane pump that dec. intracellular concentration of drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do you treat P. falciparum?
Artemether/lumefantrine or atovaquone/proguanil.
26
For life-threatening malaria, :use
quinidine in U.S. (quinine elsewhere) or artesunate.
27
Chloroquine | -tox:
-Retinopathy; pruritus (especially in dark-skinned individuals).
28
Zanamivir, oseltamivir - mech: - use:
- Inhibit influenza neuraminidase => dec. the release of progeny virus. - Treatment and prevention of both influenza A and B.
29
Zanamivir, oseltamivir | -mnemonic:
zaNAmivir & oselNAmivir = NA inhibitors.
30
Ribavirin | -mech:
-inhibiting IMP DH which converts IMP => GMP.
31
mycophenolate | -mech:
Inhibit IMP DH. | -blocks IMP => GMP.
32
Ribavirin | -use:
RSV, chronic hepatitis C.
33
Ribavirin | -tox:
Hemolytic anemia. Severe teratogen. - depletes intracellular ATP => causes non-immune mediated extravascular hemolysis. - no ATP = rigid RBC = cant make it thru spleen w/o being phagocytosed = extravascular hemolysis. - Kind of like same mechanism as pyruvate kinase deficiency.
34
chronic hep C | -Tx:
alpha-interferon & ribavirin.
35
Valacyclovir | -what is it?
Valacyclovir converted to acyclovir by first past metabolism in small intestine & liver.
36
Acyclovir | -how is it activated?
Monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. | - not phosphorylated in uninfected cells =Ž few adverse effects.
37
Acyclovir | -mech:
-guanosine analog. -lack the 3' -OH, so once they are incorporated into DNA, they are chain terminators. *guanosine = nucleoside = no phosphates on it.
38
Acyclovir | -use:
- HSV and VZV. Weak activity against EBV. | * NO effect on latent forms!
39
Herpes Zoster | -Tx:
Famciclovir
40
Acyclovir - tox: - usually seen in which scenario?
Obstructive crystalline nephropathy and acute renal failure if not adequately hydrated. *usually seen in HSV-1 encephalitis in hospitalized pt receiving IV acyclovir.
41
Acyclovir | -mech of resistance?
Mutated viral thymidine kinase.
42
Ganciclovir | -how is it activated?
CMV viral kinase.
43
Ganciclovir | -mech:
guanosine analog. | -Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase via chain termination, like acyclovir.
44
Ganciclovir | -which form has best oral bioavailability?
valGANciclovir
45
Ganciclovir | -tox:
Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity. | *watch out when giving w/other meds that cause BMS like zidovudine.
46
Foscarnet | -mech:
- Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor that binds to the pyrophosphate-binding site of the enzyme. * Does not require activation by viral kinase.
47
Foscarnet | -use:
- CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients when ganciclovir fails - acyclovir-resistant HSV. * usually these will be AIDS pts.
48
Foscarnet | -tox:
- Nephrotoxicity, seizures. - can chelate calcium - induces renal wasting of magnesium => hypomagnesemia. - reduction of PTH release => hypocalcemia. - both hypomagnesemia & hypocalcemia can => seizures.
49
Foscarnet | -dont use w/pentamidine. Why?
- Watch drug interaction w/pentamidine (treat pneumocystis jiroveci in HIV pts) which is also nephrotoxic. - You can get life threatening hypocalcemia when these two drugs are combined.
50
Cidofovir | -mech:
Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Does not require phosphorylation by viral kinase. *kind of like foscarnet.
51
Cidofovir | -mech:
CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients; acyclovir-resistant HSV. Long half-life.
52
Cidofovir - tox: - how to dampen toxicity?
Nephrotoxicity (coadminister with probenecid and IV saline to dec. toxicity).
53
HAART therapy | -includes what?
2 NRTIs + (1 NNRTI or 1 protease inhib or 1 integrade inhib).
54
Protease inhibitors - suffix? - mnemonic:
- navir. | - Navir (never) tease a protease.
55
Which protease inhibitor inhibits P450 system?
ritonavir
56
Protease inhibitors - tox: - mnemonic:
- Hyperglycemia, GI intolerance (nausea, diarrhea), lipodystrophy. - Nephropathy, hematuria (indinavir). * side effects look like Cushing syndrome. -chicks w/hyperglycemia & central weight NAVIR getting into the club. Even though they have to diarrhea/pee so bad they have hematuria.
57
NRTIs - which is the only nucleotide in the group? - mnemonic?
tenofovir | -perfect 10 (ten), doesn't need anything else (no phosphorylation required).
58
How do you reverse the BMS of NRTIs?
Can be reversed with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF] and erythropoietin.
59
NRTIs | -tox:
- BMS (give G-CSF & EPO to reverse) - peripheral neuropathy - lactic acidosis (nucleosides) - rash (non-nucleosides) - anemia (ZDV) - pancreatitis (didanosine).
60
Which NRTI causes anemia?
zidovudine (ZDV) (AZT)
61
Which NRTI causes pancreatitis?
didanosine | -dan died by commiting a "sin" and drinking so much he got pancreatitis.
62
Tenofovir | -what is it?
NRTI | *nucleotide
63
Emtricitabine | -what is it?
NRTI
64
Didanosine | -what is it?
NRTI | *pancreatitis
65
Abacavir | -what is it?
NRTI
66
NNRTIs - name them: - mnemonic:
Efavirenz Nevirapine Delavirdine "HIV doesnt have to be the END w/NNRTIs."
67
NNRTIs | -tox:
- Rash and hepatotoxicity - Vivid dreams and CNS symptoms w/efavirenz. - Delavirdine and efavirenz are C/I in pregnancy.
68
Which NNRTI can cause vivid dreams?
efavirenz
69
Which NNRTI is used in pregnancy?
Nevirapine - single dose at time of devliery will decrease changes of mother passing HIV to baby (vertical transmission) by 50% - its also an inducer of P450 * ZDV also given to mothers for prophylaxis of vertical transmission.
70
Raltegravir - what is it? - menmonic?
Integrase inhibitor | -ralTEGRAvir = inTEGRAse inhibitor.
71
Raltegravir | -tox:
Hypercholesterolemia.
72
Fusion inhibitors | -name them:
Enfuvirtide | Maraviroc
73
Enfuvirtide - what is it? - mnemonic:
enFUviritide = FUsion inhibitor.
74
Enfuvirtide - mech: - tox:
- Binds gp41, inhibiting viral entry. *fusion inhibitor. | - Skin reaction at injection sites.
75
Maraviroc | -mech:
Binds CCR-5 on surface of T cells/monocytes, inhibiting interaction with gp120. *fusion inhibitor.
76
IFN-α | -use:
- chronic hepatitis B and C - Kaposi sarcoma - hairy cell leukemia - condyloma acuminatum (HPV). - renal cell carcinoma - malignant melanoma.
77
IFN-β | -use:
multiple sclerosis
78
IFN-γ | -use:
chronic granulomatous disease
79
Interferons | -side effects:
Neutropenia, myopathy, depression.
80
What can sulfonamides cause in pregnancy?
kernicterus
81
What can aminoglycosides cause in pregnancy?
ototoxicity
82
ABxs to avoid in pregnancy: | -mnemonic?
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care. - Sulfonamides: Kernicterus - Aminoglycosides: Ototoxicity - Fluoroquinolones: Cartilage damage - Clarithromycin: Embryotoxic - Tetracyclines: Discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth - Ribavirin (antiviral): Teratogenic - Griseofulvin (antifungal): Teratogenic - Chloramphenicol: “Gray baby”
83
Two non-obvious cancers associated w/smoking?
Cervical & pancreatic.
84
Piecemeal necrosis is characteristic of:
Chronic active HBV or HCV infection.
85
Does HCV IgG confer immunity?
No!
86
Viral hepatitis -> hepatocyte apoptosis predominately in which zone?
Predominantly zone 1.
87
Most common cause of viral myocarditis in the USA:
Coxsackie B | -Others include: T. Cruzi, B. Burgdorferi, & diptheria.
88
Only protozoa that can phagocytose RBC:
entamoeba histolytica
89
What are some things that gut bacteria will eat up?
bile salts | B12
90
Which tissues are resistant to invasion by cancer?
cartilage & elastic tissue.
91
Diuretics: make you lose what type of solution?
hypertonic salt solution. | *hypertonic relative to plasma conc.
92
Sweat: what type of solution?
hypotonic salt solution * hypotonic relative to plasma. * gatorade & pedialyte = hypotonic salt solution.
93
How does fiber dec. chance of colorectal cancer?
Sequesters lithocolic acid away from intestines & into the toilet bowl.
94
screen test for anything in the pancreas:
CT
95
Which lysosomal storage disorders present w/cherry-red macula? -mnemonic?
Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick. | -cherry-red macula = hyphenated term, so are tay-sachs & neimann-pick.
96
Neimann Pick - mnemonic: - whats the letter?
- "I" - nIemann-pick: sphIngomyelinase: sphIngomyelin: bIg organs: lIpid-laden macro. * also cherry red macula.
97
Tay sachs: - mnemonic: - whats the letter?
- "A" | - tAy-sAchs: hex-A: gAngliosides: chArry-red mAcula: brAin.
98
Gaucher disease - mnemonic? - whats the letter?
- "U" | - gaUcher: glUcocerebrosidase: glUcocerebroside: hUge organs: U survive: crUnched up paper.
99
lysosomal storage diseases | -inheritance?
- you know its going to be recessive since they're enzyme deficiencies. - All = auto rec except Hunter/Fabry = x-linked rec.

Final FA review (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions