Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Final FA review > 4/1 micro > Flashcards

4/1 micro Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia lamblia

-how does it cause steattorhea?

A
  • inflammation and villous atrophy of the small bowel/gut.
  • adheres to intestinal brush border and releases molecules that induce a mucosal inflammatory response.
  • causes injury to duodenal and jejunal mucosa.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Giardia lamblia

  • major immune response against it?
  • which pts at inc. risk?
A
  • CD4 & IgA

- Bruton’s agamma, CVID, & IgA deficient pts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

-what can it cause?

A
  • bloody diarrhea, liver abscess (“anchovy paste”exudate)

- RUQ pain (histology shows flask-shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Dx:

  • what will biopsy show?
  • what will stool show?
A
  • biopsy: trophozoites (with RBCs in the cytoplasm).
  • stool: cysts (with up to 4 nuclei).

*also serology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Tx

  • for symptomatic pts:
  • for asymptomatic cyst passers:
A
  • Metronidazole

- iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cryptosporidium

-how does it stain?

A

acid fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cryptosporidium

-Tx:

A
  • Prevention (by filtering city water supplies)

- nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nitazoxanide

-used for what?

A

To treat Cryptosporidium in immunocompromised hosts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

  • classic triad:
  • mnemonic:
A
  • CHIC

- Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, Intracraniel Calcification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Choroid of eye

-what is it?

A

The vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

toxoplasmosis

-how to Dx?

A

-Serology, biopsy (tachyzoite).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

toxoplasmosis

-Tx:

A

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

-how will baby present?

A

-pregnant pts, baby can have hydrocephaly, progressive blindness. Also, baby can be born asymptomatic but by their late teenage years, can start to lose vision.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cryptosporidium & T. gondii

-what is our defense against them?

A

They’re intracellular, so CD8.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  • Dx:
  • Tx:
A
  • Amoebas in spinal fluid.

- Amphotericin B - although most pts die.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

-what does it cause?

A

African sleeping sickness: enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

  • transmission?
  • how is its vector different than chagas?
A
  • Tsetse fly, a painful bite.

- Chagas caused by reduvid bug = painless bite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

  • Tx:
  • menmonic:
A

“it SURe is nice to go to sleep”; MELAtonin helps w/ sleep”.

  • SURamin for blood-borne disease.
  • MELArsoprol for CNS penetration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

P. vivax/ovale

  • fever pattern? aka?
  • Tx for dormant form?
A
  • 48 hrs = tertian.
  • dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver = give primaquine.

*test for G6PD def. before starting primaquine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

P. falciparum

  • fever pattern?
  • besides fevers, what can it cause?
A
  • irregular fever pattern.

- parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys, lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

P. malariae

-fever pattern? aka?

A

-72-hr cycle (quartan).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Malaria

-Dx:

A

Blood smear:

  • trophozoite ring form within RBC.
  • schizont containing merozoites.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chloroquine

-how does it treat malaria?

A

Blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Malaria

  • 1st line Tx:
  • what if their resistant to first line:
A
  • begin with chloroquine.

- if resistant, use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Malaria

-if life threatening: treat w/what?

A

-use IV quinidine (test for G6PD deficiency).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Vivax/ovale

-what do you have to add to the Tx?

A

-add primaquine for hypnozoite (test for G6PD deficiency).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Babesia

-what will blood smear show?

A

Blood smear, ring form, “Maltese cross”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Babesia

-Tx:

A

Atovaquone + azithromycin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Babesia

-mnemonic:

A

Tetrad = think meiosis = think baby = think babesiosis
Babies are carried in mother = think of coinfection w/Borrelia
-I want an AA baby = atovaquone + azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

-mnemonic:

A

Tom Cruise (Cruzi) is a huge ass (megacolon), who is pretty hard to swallow (megaesophagus/achalasia), but he has a big heart (dilated cardiomyopathy) and he knows how to kiss red lips” (transmitted by Reduvid bug, aka kissing bug).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chagas disease:

  • which bug?
  • what does it cause?
A
  • trypanosoma cruzi

- dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus/achalasia; predominantly in South America.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Chagas diease

  • common early sign?
  • what type of heart condition can it cause?
A
  • periorbital swelling = common early sign of chagas.

- dilated cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chagas diease

-Tx:

A

Tom cruise drives a “benz” and gets Nifer botOX.

-Benznidazole or nifurtimox.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Leishmania donovani

  • Sxs:
  • mnemonic:
A
  • donovan frankenreiter -> big drinker, big liver and spleen.
  • spiking fevers, pancytopenia.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Leishmania donovani

  • Tx:
  • mnemonic:
A

-donovan gets a lot of ASS = Amphotericin b, Sodium Stibogluc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Leishmania donovani

  • vector:
  • mnemonic:
A

-donovan lives on beach = sand = sandfly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Leishmania donovani

-what two forms of disease can it cause?

A
  • Visceral infection - MASSIVE splenomegaly.

- Cutaneous infection: ulcerating skin sore at site of the bite. Most will heal spontaneously over a year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

  • vaginitis or vaginosis?
  • color of discharge?
  • itching/burning?
A
  • vaginitis
  • greenish discharge
  • yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

  • how is the cervix described?
  • Tx:
A
  • Strawberry cervix.

- Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Intestinal Nematode

  • aka?
  • mnemonic?
A
  • Intestinal roundworms

- nematodes are NASA-E (nasty).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Intestinal Nematodes

  • name them
  • mnemonic
A
  • nematodes are NASA-E (nasty).
  • Necator americanus
  • Ancylostoma duodenate
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Enterobius vermicularis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Intestinal Nematodes

  • Tx? mnemonic?
  • exception?
A

Worms BEND, BEND them enough and they break(die).
Bendazoles + pyrantel pamoate
-except strongyloides = ivermectin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Tissue nematodes

  • aka?
  • mnemonic?
A
  • tissue roundworms

- TOWL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Tissue nematodes

  • name them
  • mnemonic
A

TOWL

  • toxocara canis
  • onchocerca volvulus
  • wucheria bancrofti
  • Loa Loa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cestodes

  • aka?
  • menmonic?
A
  • tapeworms

- TED’s tape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Cestodes

  • name them
  • mnemonic
A

TED’s tape

  • Taenia saginatum/solium
  • Echinococcus graunlosis
  • Diphyllobothrium latum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cestodes + trematodes

  • Tx?
  • exception:
A
  • praziquantel

- except echinococcus granulosis = albendazole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Trematodes

  • aka? aka?
  • mnemonic?
A
  • flukes = flatworms

- SS fluke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Trematodes

  • name them
  • mnemonic
A

SS fluke

  • schistosoma
  • clonorchis sinensis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

  • aka?
  • menmonic:
  • Tx:
A
  • pinworm
  • verm = worm, aris = anus.
  • the scotch tape worm.
  • Tx: bendazole or pyrantel pamoate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

  • aka
  • connection w/intermitten RUQ pain?
  • Tx:
A
  • giant roundworm
  • can invade biliary tree & lead to brown pigment stones.
  • Tx: bendazole or pyrantel pamoate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

  • transmission?
  • what kind of pain can it cause?
  • Tx:
A
  • Larvae in soil penetrate the skin.
  • PUD-like epigastric pain.
  • Tx: ivermectin or albendazole.
  • can also cause pneumonia during their path to the intestines.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How do larvae that penetrate your skin make it to your GI tract?

A
  • Infectious (filariform) larvae penetrate the skin of feet, enter bloodstream, & transported to lungs. The larvae enter alveoli & ascend toward trachea, causing respiratory tract inflammation (can manifest as pneumonia).
  • Larvae pass from the trachea to pharynx, & when swallowed the larvae mature into adults in s. intestines to attach to the mucosa.
  • Initially causes gastroenteritis, but secretion of anticoagulant and consumption of blood results in anemia.
  • Adults mate in the lumen of the intestine, allowing eggs to be shed in the feces.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

immune response against invasive helminths?

A

Eonsinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Invasive intestinal helminths:

-what kind of immune response?

A
  • invasive ones = strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator.

- eosinophillic response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

  • aka?
  • transmission?
  • main Sx?
A
  • hookworms
  • Larvae penetrate skin.
  • microcytic anemia, they suck your blood.
  • can also cause pneumonia during their path to the intestines.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

-Tx:

A

-bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

  • what class?
  • transmission?
  • mnemonic?
A
  • tissue nematode
  • Female blackfly bite
  • “ochocinco” is black = blackfly bite, black skin nodules, “black sight”. He does NOT swim in the river!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

  • Tx:
  • mnemonic:
A

-Ivermectin (ivermectin for river blindness).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

river blindness

-cause?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Loa loa

  • what class?
  • transmission?
A
  • tissue nematode.

- Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Loa loa

-what it cause?

A

Swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva.

-does NOT cause blindness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Onchocerca volvulus vs Loa loa

-which one can cause blindness?

A

Onchocerca volvulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Loa loa & Wuchereria bancrofti

-Tx:

A

Diethylcarbamazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Diethylcarbamazine

-what is it?

A

Tx for Loa loa & Wuchereria bancrofti.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Nematodes

  • Ingested:
  • mnemonic:
A

You’ll get sick if you EAT these!

-Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Nematodes

-cutaneous:

A

These get into your feet from the SANd.

-Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Nematodes

-Bite:

A

Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten.

-Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Taenia solium

  • what class?
  • aka?
A
  • Tapeworm = cestode

- pork tapeworm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Taenia solium

  • What do you consume to become definitive host?
  • what do you consume to become intermediate host?
A
  • larvae from pork => definitive host.

- eggs from fecal-oral => intermediate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Taenia solium:

  • definitive host => which Sxs
  • intermediate host => which Sxs
A
  • definitive host => intestinal infection + poop out eggs.

- intermediate host => cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Taenia solium

  • Tx for intestinal infection:
  • Tx for neurocysticercosis:
A
  • praziquantel for intestinal

- albendazole for neurocysticercosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

  • what class?
  • aka?
A
  • cestode = tapeworm.

- fish tapeworm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

-transmission?

A

Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

  • what it cause?
  • Tx:
A

-Vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm competes for B12
in intestine) => megaloblastic anemia.
-praziquantel.

76
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

  • whats the definitive host?
  • whats the intermediate host?
A
  • Definitive host = dog

- Intermediate hosts = sheep & human.

77
Q

Eat larvae you become which type of host?

A

definitive host

-larvae can mature into adults.

78
Q

Eat eggs you become which type of host?

A

intermediate host

-eggs can hatch into larvae, but larvae can not mature into adults.

79
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

  • what class?
  • how do you get it?
  • will you be definitive or intermediate host?
A
  • cestodes = tapeworm
  • Ingestion of eggs from dog feces.
  • intermediate host.
80
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

  • Sxs:
  • Tx:
A

-Hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens
released (surgeons preinject with ethanol to kill cysts
before removal).
-albendazole.

81
Q

trematode

-aka? aka?

A

-fluke, flatworm.

82
Q

Cestodes

-what do you usually find in stool?

A

Find proglottids in stool.

83
Q

Trematodes

-what do you usually find in stool?

A

Eggs

84
Q

Schistosoma

  • what class?
  • what is the host?
  • transmission?
A
  • trematode = fluke = flatworm.
  • snails = intermediate host.
  • cercariae penetrate skin of humans.
85
Q

Schistosoma

-what does it cause?

A

-Liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation.
*Chronic infection with S. haematobium can lead to
SCC of the bladder (painless hematuria).

86
Q

Schistosoma

-which species can lead to which type of cancer?

A

Chronic infection with S. haematobium can lead to SCC of the bladder (painless hematuria).

*HEMAtobium can cause painless HEMAturia.

87
Q

Schistosoma manSoni vs hemaTobium

-difference in appearance?

A
  • mansoni has a sub-terminal spine.

- hematobium has a terminal spine.

88
Q

Schistosoma

-how to Dx?

A

Find eggs in stool.

89
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

  • what class?
  • aka?
  • how do you get it?
A
  • Trematode = fluke = flatworm.
  • Chinese Liver fluke.
  • Undercooked fish

*dont confuse w/ochocirca thats River blindness.

90
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

-mnemonic:

A

-Clo = “Col” = cholangiocarcinoma. SIN = one of seven
deadly sins is gluttony, and you need a gallbladder
to digest all that fat.

91
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

-what can it cause?

A
  • Biliary tract inflammation =>Ž pigmented gallstones.

- Associated with cholangiocarcinoma.

92
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

-how does it cause brown pigment stones?

A

Can invade biliary tree & lead to inc. in beta-glucoronidase which unconjugates bili = brown pigment stones.

93
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

-whats unique about its egg?

A

The egg has an operculum aka a lid.

94
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

-Tx:

A

praziquantel.

95
Q

Which helminths can cause microcytic anemia?

A
  • Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

(hookworms) .

96
Q

How do naked viruses exit their host cell?

A

They lyse the cell. If they blebbed off, then they would be enveloped.

97
Q

What does “naked” virus mean?

  • does it have envelope?
  • does it have capsid?
A
  • naked = no envelope (lipid bilayer).

- yes, it can still have a capsid.

98
Q

What are the two types of capsids?

A

Icosahedral and helical.

99
Q

Helical capsid viruses

-what do they all have in common?

A

There are no naked viruses w/a helical capsid.

-so all viruses w/helical capsules have envelopes.

100
Q

If a virus is can get past the stomach acidity, what characteristic must it have?

A

Must be a naked virus!

-so by definition it can NOT have a helical capsid!

101
Q

Viral capsids

-what are they made of?

A

Protein

102
Q

Location of envelope w/relation to viral capsid:

A

the envelope is OUTSIDE of the capsid.

-makes sense b/c when a virus blebs off, takes envelope w/it, so envelope must be the outer most layer.

103
Q

Recombination

-define:

A

Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base
sequence homology.

104
Q

Reassortment

-happens in what kind of viruses?

A

Those w/segmented genomes: BOAReo

-bunya, orthomyxo, arena, reovirus.

105
Q

Viral Complementation

-define:

A

When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus “complements” the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses.

106
Q

Viral: Phenotypic mixing

-define:

A

-Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses.
-Genome of virus A can be partially or completely coated (forming pseudovirion) with the surface proteins of virus B.
-Type B protein coat determines the tropism (infectivity) of the hybrid virus. However, the progeny from this
infection have a type A coat that is encoded by its type A genetic material.

107
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

  • do you need boosters?
  • mnemonic?
A 
-no booster needed.
MIS SYC Live!
M=MMR
I=influenza (intranasal)
S=Sabin polio
S=smallpox
Y=yellow fever
C=chickenpox
108
Q

Killed vaccines

-mnemonic?

A

RIP Always.

  • Rabies
  • Influenza (injected)
  • Salk Polio
  • HAV vaccines.
109
Q

Infleunza vaccine

-which one is killed virus - injected or intranasal?

A

Injected = killed vaccine.

-you wouldn’t want to inject a live attenuated (no real reason, just a mnemonic).

110
Q

Recombinant vaccines: name them

A
  • HBV (antigen = recombinant HBsAg)

- HPV (types 6, 11, 16, and 18).

111
Q

DNA viruses

-all = linear, except these, which circular:

A

papilloma-, polyoma-, and hepadnaviruses.

112
Q

Only dsRNA virus:

A

Reovirus (rotavirus)

113
Q

Positive-stranded RNA viruses:

-mnemonic:

A

I went to a retro (retrovirus) toga (togavirus) party,
where I drank flavored (flavivirus) Corona (coronavirus) and ate hippy (hepevirus) California (calicivirus) pickles (picornavirus).

114
Q

Negative strand RNA virus

-what must it carry with it?

A

Is complementary to mRNAso needs to be converted to positive strand by RNA dep. RNA polymerase (they must carry gene for this b/c human cells dont have it).

115
Q

Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA and (+) strand ssRNA (≈ mRNA) viruses are infectious.
-exceptions:

A

-except poxviruses and HBV.

116
Q

Are purified nucleic acids of (-) sense RNA viruses infectious?

A

No

-they need the RNA-dep RNA pol. thats carried w/in the complete virion.

117
Q

Viral replication: locations:

  • DNA viruses:
  • RNA viruses:
A
  • DNA viruses = Replicate in the nucleus except poxvirus.

- RNA viruses = Replicate in the cytoplasm (except influenza virus and retroviruses).

118
Q

Which DNA viruses do NOT replicate in the nucleus?

A

poxvirus

*carries own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

119
Q

Which RNA viruses do NOT replicate in cytoplasm?

A

Influenza & retroviruses.

120
Q

All enveloped viruses acquire their envelopes from plasma membrane of their host when they exit.
-except:

A

-herpesviruses, which acquire envelopes from

nuclear membrane.

121
Q

Naked viruses

-mnemonic:

A

Give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked Heppy

  • P = polyoma
  • A = adeno
  • P = papillo
  • P = parvo
  • C = calici
  • P = picorna
  • R = reo
  • HepE
122
Q

DNA viruses

-mnemonic:

A

HHAPPPPy

  • Hepadna
  • Herpes
  • Adeno
  • Pox
  • Parvo
  • Papilloma
  • Polyoma
123
Q

hepadnavirus =

A

Hep B

124
Q

All DNA viruses have what type of capsid?

-except which one?

A
  • All DNA = icosahedral

- except poxvirus (poxvirus was also the one that didnt replicate in nucleus).

125
Q

Poxvirus

-how is it unique amongst the DNA viruses?

A
  • does NOT replicate in nucleus.

- does NOT have icosahedral capsid.

126
Q

How are viruses taken into cells?

A

They are endocytosed.

-they hook onto a surface receptor.

127
Q

What protein allows herpesviridae to make multinucleated cells?

A

F protein.

128
Q

common cause of spontaneous temporal lobe encephalitis?

-what will you see on imaging?

A

HSV-1

-hemorrhagic lesions in temporal lobe.

129
Q

HHV-6

  • what family of viruses?
  • what disease does it cause?
A
  • herpes virus

- roseola (exanthem subitum)

130
Q

HHV-7

  • what family of viruses?
  • what disease does it cause?
A
  • herpes virus

- less common cause of roseola

131
Q

Hepadnavirus

  • which hepatitis virus is this?
  • genome made of?
  • which unique enzyme does it have?
A
  • hep B
  • Partially DS and circular
  • Not a retrovirus but has reverse transcriptase.
132
Q

HepB lifecycle

-order of genome events

A

circular partially dsDNA => dsDNA => mRNA + circular, partial dsDNA

133
Q

swimming pool conjuctivitis

-which virus?

A

adenovirus

134
Q

Adenovirus

-what diseases can it cause?

A
  • Febrile pharyngitis—sore throat
  • Acute hemorrhagic cystitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Conjunctivitis—“pink eye”
135
Q

Parvovirus

-Sxs in adults/

A
  • Sx in adults: much more serious but rare b/c we usually get it as kids.
  • Malaise, arthralgias, rash. These symptoms are caused by immune complex deposition aka TYPE 3 HSR.
136
Q

Congenital B19

-how does fetus die?

A

RBC destruction in fetus => hydrops fetalis.

137
Q

Polyomavirus

  • which two viruses in this family?
  • mnemonic for what they cause:
A

“JC: Junky Cerebrum; BK: Bad Kidney”

-JC virus—progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV.
-BK virus—transplant patients, commonly targets
kidney.

138
Q

Smallpox

-will vesicles be in diff stages or all in the same stage?

A

-all in the same stage.

139
Q

HSV-2

-where do they go latent?

A

Sacral ganglia.

140
Q

VZV

-will vesicles be in diff stages or all in the same stage?

A

Different stages.

141
Q

Most common complication of shingles is:

A

post-herpetic neuralgia.

142
Q

CMV

-virus goes latent where?

A

In mononuclear cells.

*EBV invades B cells.

143
Q

CMV causes what type of pneumonia?

A

Interstitial pneumonia in almost all transplant pts from CMV.

144
Q

CMV

-how is it transmitted?

A

-Transmitted congenitally and by transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant.

145
Q

HHV-6

  • what disease does it cause?
  • explain the disease:
  • aka?
A

Roseola: high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash G .

  • Transmitted by saliva.
  • aka exanthem subitum
146
Q

Herpes HSV-1 encephalitis

-how to Dx?

A

CSF PCR for herpes encephalitis.

147
Q

genital herpes

-how to Dx?

A
  • Tzanck test—a smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells.
  • Infected cells also have intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions.
148
Q

Reoviruses

  • what viruses in this family?
  • whats special about reovirus genome?
A
  • Coltivirusa—Colorado tick fever
  • Rotavirus—#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

*dsRNA virus. segmented.

149
Q

1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

A

Rotavirus (Reovirus).

150
Q

Picornaviruses

  • which viruses in this family?
  • menmonic?
A

PERCH

  • Poliovirus
  • Echovirus—aseptic meningitis
  • Rhinovirus—“common cold”
  • Coxsackievirus
  • HAV
151
Q

Coxsackievirus

-what diseases can it cause?

A

-aseptic meningitis; herpangina (mouth blisters, fever); hand, foot, and mouth disease; myocarditis; pericarditis.

152
Q

Leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in USA

A

Calicivirus (norwalk virus) (norovirus)

153
Q

Caliciviruses

  • which virus is in this family?
  • whats it cause?
  • what setting do people usually get it?
A
  • Norovirus—viral gastroenteritis
  • aka norwalk virus
  • cruiseships!
154
Q

Viral Gastroenteritis on cruiseship:

A

Norovirus = calicivirus

-aka norwalk virus

155
Q

Flaviviruses

-which viruses does this encompass?

A
  • HCV
  • Yellow fever
  • Dengue
  • St. Louis encephalitisa
  • West Nile virusa
156
Q

Yellow fever

-Sxs:

A

-jaundice, GI hemmorhage w/black vomit.

157
Q
  • Most commonly Dx arbovirus in the US:

- Most common arbovirus worldwide:

A
  • West Nile virus = US

- Dengue fever = worldwide

158
Q

Rubella

-which virus family?

A

Togavirus

159
Q

Retroviruses

-which viruses?

A

HTLV—T-cell leukemia

HIV—AIDS

160
Q

Coronaviruses

-whats it cause?

A

Common cold & SARS.

161
Q

Paramyxoviruses

-which viruses?

A 
PaRaMyxovirus: 
Parainfluenza—croup 
RSV—bronchiolitis in babies; Rx—ribavirin 
Measles, Mumps
*rubella = togavirus
162
Q

RSV—bronchiolitis in babies

-Tx:

A

ribavirin

163
Q

Bullet-shaped virus

A

rabies virus

164
Q

Filoviruses

-which viruses

A

Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever

165
Q

Ebola

-which virus family?

A

Filovirus

166
Q

Bunyaviruses

-most notable virus in this family?

A

Hantavirus—hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia

167
Q

Picornaviru

-only non-enterovirus in this family?

A

rhinovirus

168
Q

Yellow fever virus

  • transmitted by what?
  • which virus family?
  • Sxs:
A
  • A flavivirus (also an arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
  • high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice.
169
Q

high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice.

-which virus?

A

Flavivirus => yellow fever virus.

170
Q

Yellow fever

  • Liver enzymes profile?
  • what will you see histologically in liver?
A
  • much higher AST than ALT.
  • AST = 900U/l and ALT = 350U/l
  • councilman bodies.
171
Q

Acute diarrhea in the United States during winter,
especially in day-care centers, kindergartens.
-does it cause electrolyte imbalance?

A

Rotavirus

-Villous destruction with atrophy leads to dec.  absorption of Na+ and loss of K+.

172
Q

Highly sensitive way to rule out asthma?

A

Methacholine challenge.

173
Q

subperiosteal hematoma

-secondary to deficiency of what?

A

vitamin C.

174
Q

Friedrich ataxia

-can lead to which heart condition?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

175
Q

Grey, subretinal membrane in old person losing vision.

  • what disease?
  • whats the Tx?
A

Age related macular degeneration.

-anti-VEGF.

176
Q

Inulin

  • used to estimate what?
  • mnemonic:
A

GFR

-creatinine = inulin = GFR: CIG.

177
Q

Spongiosis

  • definition:
  • seen in which diseases:
A

Epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces.
-seen in eczematous dermatitis: all the diseases in this umbrella term.

178
Q

Influenza

  • function of hemagglutinin:
  • function of neuraminidase:
A
  • hemagglutinin = promotes viral entry.

- neuraminidase = promotes progeny virion release.

179
Q

What kind of Abs and against what antigen give you immunity against influenza reinfection?

A

Circulating Abs against HA = immunity against
reinfection from influenza.
-IgG & IgA.

180
Q

Antigenic shift only possible in which type of influenza?

-why?

A
  • Type A influenza virus.

- bc type A can infect humans or animals.

181
Q

Influenza pandemic caused by drift or shift?

A
  • Shift = worse = pandemic.

- Drift = epidemic.

182
Q

RNA pol doesn’t have which capability?

A

RNA polymerase does NOT have proofreading capability!

183
Q

Anastrozole

  • whats it do?
  • what other drug has same mech?
A
  • aromatase inhibitor

- exemestane.

184
Q

Filtration fraction: inc or dec in hypovolemia?

A
  • inc.

- bc RPF drops more so than GFR.

185
Q

pertechnetate study

-used to Dx what disease?

A

Finds gastric mucosa in meckels diverticulum.

186
Q

Which 2 terminal nerves come off posterior chord?

A

radial & axillary n.

187
Q

scaphoid

-side of radius or ulna?

A

radius

Final FA review (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions