Human Geography Exam 1

Question 0

What does the term spatial mean and why is it important

Answer 0

Context in which a group of people plays out

Question 1

What is geography (basic definition, key questions)

Answer 1

To describe/ write about the earth
Why are places/people where the are?
How is a place changing?
How do humans influence their environment?
How and why are resources unevenly distributed?
How and why are socio-economic characteristics distributed across space and what is the effect?

Question 2

Why is geography interdisciplinary

Answer 2

Geographic techniques
Physical geography
Human geography
Because it consists of many fields such as physical and human/cultural geography, each of which have subfields

Question 3

Key ways geographical thinking is important

Answer 3

Geography matters because it is specific places that provide the settings for people’s daily lives and thus provide opportunities and constraints for people

Question 4

What is a place and why is it important

Answer 4

Specific geographical settings with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes
Places give us identity of a sense that we make of ourselves through subjective feelings based on everyday experiences and social relations

Question 5

What are some key features of a geographical imagination

Answer 5

Allows us to understand changing patterns, processes, and relationships among people, places, and regions
General and unique

Question 6

Why is sense of place important

Answer 6

Refers to the feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories they associate with place and to the symbolism they attach with that place
Intersubjectivity- shared meanings that are derived from every day practice

Question 7

Why are maps important and how have they been used over time

Answer 7

They serve as important sources of data and tools for analysis
They have changed over time?

Question 8

What does it mean to “lie” with maps

Answer 8

They are not objective representations of places and they are not neutral
Can map things in different ways to make a point
Natural distortion

Question 9

What are some examples of spatial scale

Answer 9

Local, global, etc.

at what extent something is taken place

Question 10

What is the Gall Peters projection? Mercator projection? Relations between these two?

Answer 10

Gall-Peters: much more relative appropriate size, europeanization of earth, exaggerated higher latitudes as world’s core regions
Mercator: makes everything at poles larger than in real life, normally for nautical purposes

Question 11

Landscape

Answer 11

The physical features of a place both social and environmental
Reflects experience, struggles, and triumphs

Question 12

Sense of place

Answer 12

Feeling associated with a place even if you’ve never been there

Question 13

How is the world both connected and differentiated

Answer 13

Connected through global systems of trade, technology, mobility, etc.
differentiated through uneven distribution of economy and cultural differences

Question 14

What is globalization? Examples of it? Why it matters?

Answer 14

The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change

Question 15

Evolution of globalization

Answer 15

From hunter gatherers to agricultural mini systems in hearth areas, the to a world empire of mini systems, then to colonization

Question 16

What is the Silk Road? Why was it important? What other trade systems existed?

Answer 16

Created between the Chinese and the Romans
Spices from one place and silk from another, lots of economic interactions; ideas, culture, disease spreads along these interactions

Question 17

What is colonization? Why did it happen? What are the effects on those people colonized?

Answer 17

The psychical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state
Turned into export driven economies instead of self sufficient
Political instability
Colonizer’s culture

Question 18

What are the legacies/ lasting effects of colonialism today

Answer 18

New culture based on colonizers
Cultural hegemony
Political instability
Export driven economies

Question 19

What is cultural hegemony and how does it relate to colonization?

Answer 19

Colonizers enforcing their culture on the colonized

Social norms, culture, schools, housing, and religious institutions

Question 20

What is neocolonialism? How does it work? Examples?

Answer 20

Economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain their influence over other areas or people
Transnational corporations
Jamaica

Question 21

What are core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries? How has this changed through time?

Answer 21

Core is like 1st world, semi-periphery 2nd world, and periphery 3rd world
Gap has become bigger because of neocolonialism

Question 22

What is a transnational corporation? How are these related to neocolonialism and globalization

Answer 22

Companies with investments and activities that span international boundaries and with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries
They are the new imperialists in neocolonialism

Question 23

What is a land grab? How is this happening in Africa?

Answer 23

Worldwide up to 115 mil. Acres of farmland are leased to foreign investors and the bulk of that is in Africa
New land and resources grabbed by companies not countries

Question 24

What is meant by 1st and 3rd world? Developed and developing countries? Problems with these designations?

Answer 24

Core and periphery They divide the rich from the poor The rich take advantage of those in the periphery countries

Question 25

What is a world system?

Answer 25

Interdependent systems of countries linked by political and economic competitions

Question 26

What are the 5 key functions of space in human geography

Answer 26

Structure the daily routines of economic and social life Provide opportunities and constraints for long term social well being Provide context for gathering knowledge and information about the world Provide a setting for socialization Provide an arena for protesting social norms

Question 27

How does a place reflect power

Answer 27

Normally a place is given power through those that live there Could be a scared space for a particular culture and the culture gives the place power Reflects who is in charge

Question 28

How are places produced, experienced and contested? Be able to explain how a place (and people's engagement with a place) does each of these?

Answer 28

Places are produced by cultures settling They are experienced through people They are contested by outsiders

Question 29

What types of things affect the way a place is perceived and understood

Answer 29

The people that live there The culture associated Who gets to go there

Question 30

What is territoriality? Examples? Why it is important?

Answer 30

Produces identity, regulates social interactions, provides and avenue for controlling people through rules and norms Associates rules and expectations with place not people

Question 31

How is inclusion/ exclusion associated with territoriality

Answer 31

Places are constantly under social construction as people respond to the opportunities and constraints of their particular locality People who live in the place are insiders and see others as outsiders

Question 32

What is a cognitive image of a place? Why do we need cognitive images

Answer 32

Representations of the world that can be called to mind through imagination

Question 33

Know the 5 elements into which we simplify the real world

Answer 33

Paths: the channels where people move Edges: barriers that separate Districts: areas with an indeterminable charter that people mentally enter Nodes: strategic points and foci for travel ex: city squares Landmarks: physical reference points

Question 34

Understand how different mental maps are produced by people with different positionalities? What does this reflect about society

Answer 34

Largely because of incomplete information We know little beyond our immediate living areas Normally people with cars have a more elaborate mental map This shows we really on,y know what's directly around us

Question 35

What is a landscape? What are different types of landscapes? Why are they important?

Answer 35

A particular kind of place Ordinary landscapes- places Cultural landscapes- people see places differently Landscape as text- a book They help us to define the world we live in

Question 36

What is modernity and how does that relate to place-making?

Answer 36

Forward looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress The Enlightenment established new technologies as well as the widespread belief in universal human progress

Question 37

How does globalization affect place-making

Answer 37

The spread of modernity to peripheral regions | Mass communication

Question 38

How do places reflect or contest consumption

Answer 38

Social standing is based on consumption Visual consumption Heritage industry Contested: code of conduct at malls

Question 39

What is economic development? How does it happen? How is it both a process and an idea?

Answer 39

How people and government work together to increase standard of living or wealth or income. Create new markets, and sensitive production or consumption of something, bring people into economic activity, how do we make our economy grow and better. The continued development of the economy. Technology

Question 40

What is capitalism

Answer 40

An economic system based on private ownership where production and consumption are facilitated through competitive markets

Question 41

Means of production

Answer 41

Jobs outsourced Take advantage of poorer countries Those with resources experience some economic development

Question 42

Wage labor

Answer 42

Workers are paid a wage and then use that wage to buy the very same products they produced

Question 43

Surplus value

Answer 43

The excess value produced by the labor of workers over the wages they are paid Workers have to work the full day to get paid but the produce more than they will ever be paid for

Question 44

Commodities

Answer 44

Items made with human labor for sale on a market

Question 45

Accumulation- how does it drive economic development

Answer 45

Transforms societies Creates technological innovations to reduce labor costs Moves production to places where wages are cheaper Created new products and new markets

Question 46

Economic sectors- primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. How does economic development affect the mix of accumulation? What are general trends globally of where these activities are concentrated?

Answer 46

1st and 3rd world 3rd world is exploited for resources by the 1st world Mainly concentrated in Africa

Question 47

Resources and development

Answer 47

Resources are unevenly distributed around the world which is crucial to production Resources determine which countries will be developed and which ones will not be developed

Question 48

Does ecological footprint go up or down with economic development

Answer 48

Up

Question 49

What does sustainable development say about the compatibility of economic growth and environmental protection

Answer 49

We would need about 4.5 earths to all live like Americans | Economic development is not good from an environmental standpoint but could end up being good in the long run

Question 50

What is uneven economic development

Answer 50

Profits tend to flow and accumulate in some areas while others are exploited

Question 51

What is the spatial fix? How does it happen?

Answer 51

Moving extraction processes Moving production processes Establishing new markets

Question 52

What is neoliberalism?

Answer 52

Wants states to get out of the way with restrictions on exploitation Open new markets without regulation