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human geography exam 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

State

A

An independent political unit with territorial boundaries, set of practices and relationships for how we govern ourselves, territory

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1
Q

Political geography

A

About the complex relationships between politics and geography, national or international relationships, and many other geographic and political divisions that stretch from the globe to the neighborhood and the individual body
Power, politics, place

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2
Q

Nation

A

Group of people sharing certain elements of culture, sometimes called an imagined community, people

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3
Q

Nation-state

A

Set of people in an imagined community within recognized boundaries

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4
Q

Sovereignty

A

Ability to exercise power over a people and territory, recognized, codified by law

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5
Q

Citizenship

A

Belonging to a state, certain rights and responsibilities

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6
Q

Nationalism

A

Feeling of belonging, shared experiences, identity

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7
Q

Althusser theories of state

A

State as repressive: courts, army, police, physical force

State as ideological force: productive idea of a citizen, tells you what it is to be a good citizen, what you should/should not be doing

No state can do without both

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8
Q

Foucault’s theories of the state

A

Modern states produce self governing citizens who act in ways that benefit the state, conduct of conduct
Relationships are how we discipline ourselves

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9
Q

Deleuze theories of the state

A

The state is a machine
Own inherent force and logic that keeps it going
Functions are to regulate an dominate
There is always resistance to regulation and domination

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10
Q

The Arab Spring

A

Period of revolutionary fever that telegraphed across the Middle East and North Africa in he spring of 2011
Dictatorships and governments overthrown

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11
Q

Government versus governance

A

Government: three branches
Governance: the overall process of integrating and managing a modern society. State actions, community actions, and market mechanisms

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12
Q

Globalization and the state

A

State is no longer concerned with its own citizens

International and own territory

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13
Q

International and Supranational organizations

A

UN 1945- supranational, aid
Security council- Russia, China, US, Britain, France
EU- 1992 keep Europe competitive with other countries

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14
Q

Politics of Geography

A

Regionalism: a feeling of collective identity base on a population’s politico-territorial identification within a state or across state boundaries

Sectionalism: an extreme devotion to local interests and customs

NIMBY: people don’t want certain land used for certain things

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15
Q

Geography of politics

A

How politics shapes geography

Ex: system of representation

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16
Q

Reapportionment and redistricting

A

Reappointment: process of allocating electoral seats to geographical areas
Redistricting: defining and redefining of territorial district boundaries

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17
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Redistricting for partisan purposes/boundaries of districts being redrawn to advantage a particular political party or candidate or to prevent or ensure a loss of power of a particular sub population

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18
Q

Culture

A

Learned collective human behavior, a shared set of meanings that is both material and symbolic, always being shaped and changing, often contested by particular groups
Social, political, economic, and historical factors

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19
Q

Cultural geography

A

Focuses on the way space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape

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20
Q

Material and non-material culture

A

Material: all objects or things made and used by members of a cultural group
Non-material: wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings transmitted across generations

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21
Q

Folk culture

A

The traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle, who are seen as homogeneous in their belief systems and practices

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22
Q

Popular culture

A

The practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogeneous and change frequently, often in response to commercial products

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23
Q

Cultural system

A

Includes traits, territorial affiliation, and shared history, as well as other complex elements like language and religion

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24
Identity
Sense that people make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations
25
Actor Network theory
Culture is influenced by human and nonhuman actors within which we are embedded
26
Non representational theory
Human life is a process that is always unfolding, always becoming different, often outside of conscious human thought, decisions we make precognitive, affective responses to things
27
Materialism
Material objects have force and intensity in the world, and cultural beliefs and values gain prominence and power through material form
28
Americanization
The idea that globalization is spreading American culture, style, practices, food, dress, tech, ways of speaking
29
How does globalization affect culture
No single global culture, similar things but everything is localized and made our own, globalization may spread cultures but Hingis are still different/unique enough
30
Where are the fastest growing cities located
In peripheral or developing countries
31
What percentage of the world's population currently lives in cities
54% 70 by 2050
32
Four roles that towns and cities play in human, economic, and social organization
Mobilizing function Decision making capacity Generative functions Transformative capacity
33
Mobilizing functions
For organizing labor, capital, raw materials, manufacturing and distributing finished products
34
Decision making capacity
Bringing together public and private organizations and institutions, especially those related to economic power; consequently, political and economic power resides in the cities and towns
35
Generative functions
The concentration of people in urban settings makes for much greater interaction and competition, which facilitates the generation of innovation, knowledge, and information
36
Transformative capacity
The size, density, and variety of urban populations tend to have a liberating effect on people, allowing them to escape the rigidities of traditional, rural society and to participate in a variety of lifestyles and behaviors
37
Urban system
Any interdependent set of urban settlements within a given region
38
Urban form
Physical structure and organization of cities in their land use, layout, and built environment
39
Urban ecology
The social and demographic composition of city districts and neighborhoods
40
Urbanism
The way of life fostered by urban settings in which the number, physical density, and variety of people often result in distinctive attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior
41
Urban origins
Fertile Crescent | First agricultural revolution
42
Early European Urban Centers
Established by Greeks and then by Romans | Rise from feudal system to specialization of cities
43
Gateway cities
Links between one country or region and others because of their physical situation
44
Port cities
Began as trading posts and colonial administrative centers | Acted as gateways for colonial expansion
45
Industrial cities
Cities that existed simply to assemble raw materials and to fabricate, assemble, and distribute manufactured goods
46
Shock cities
The embodiments of surprising and disrupting changes in economic, social, and cultural life
47
World cities
Play key roles in organizing space beyond their own natural boundaries
48
Colonial cities
Cities that were deliberately established as administrative or commercial centers by colonial or imperial powers
49
Megacities
Very large cities characterized by both primacy and high degree of centrality within their national economy
50
Over urbanization
Occurs when cities grow more rapidly than they can sustain jobs and housing
51
Slums
Shacks set on unpaved streets that are caused by urban growth
52
Congregation
The territorial and residential clustering of aspirin groups or subgroups of people Enables group identity to be consolidated in relation to people and places outside the group Cultural preservation
53
Segregation
Spatial separation of specific subgroups within a wider population
54
Enclaves
Tendencies toward congregation and discrimination are long standing but dominated by internal cohesion and identity
55
Ghettos
Long standing sub par housing that is the result of discrimination
56
Central business district
Typical urban areas, downtown, with high rises, heavy traffic, production, commercial and industrial zones, suburbs around it
57
The ecological model
Inner city, based on immigration, ethnic areas | Invasion and succession
58
Hoyt's Sector Model
Central business district, wholesale and light manufacturing, lower income residential, middle income residential, upper income residential
59
Decentralized multiple nuclei model
Start to see suburbs and small business districts besides the central business district, people no longer have to live close to work, sprawl
60
Polycentric new metropolis (20th century)
Multiple interstates, successive suburbs
61
The New metropolis
Metroplex, two large cities that grew together because they were connected by a highway
62
Gentrification
Higher income people moving to cities | Displaces lower income citizens
63
Smart growth
Development that is more compact, mixed land uses, walkable, since of place, mixed transit, meant to combat sprawl
64
Formal versus informal economy
Informal: broad range of activities that represent important coping mechanisms. Prostitution, cab driving, shoe shining, street vending, and more
65
Invasion and succession
A process of neighborhood change whereby one social or ethnic group succeeds another in a residential area. The displaced group in turn invades other areas creating over time a rippling process of change throughout the city invasion

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