Unit 4 Psychology

Question 0

Perception

Answer 0

Process of organizing and interrupting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Question 2

Transduction

Answer 2

Conversion of one form of energy to another

Question 3

Absolute threshold

Answer 3

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus

Question 4

Weber’s Law

Answer 4

Principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percent

Question 5

Sensory adaptation

Answer 5

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Question 6

Bottom up processing

Answer 6

Begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains interrogation or processing of sensory info

Question 7

Top down processing

Answer 7

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, when we construct perceptions drawing conclusions based on our experiences and expectations

Question 8

Perceptual set

Answer 8

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Question 9

Cocktail party effect

Answer 9

The ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many

Question 10

Selective attention

Answer 10

Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli

Question 11

Inattentional blindness

Answer 11

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Question 12

Change blindness

Answer 12

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Question 13

Signal detection theory

Answer 13

How and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise).
Assumes not absolute threshold
Says it depends on person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

Question 14

Priming

Answer 14

Activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, and response

Question 15

What does light wave amplitude and wavelength determine?

Answer 15

Amplitude: The intensity of the light shown
Wavelength: color you see

Question 16

Cornea

Answer 16

Protective clear covering of the eye

Question 17

Iris

Answer 17

Forms the colored portion of eye
Ring of muscle tissue
Controls size of pupil opening

Question 18

Pupil

Answer 18

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

Question 19

Lens

Answer 19

Transparent structure behind pupil

Changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Question 20

Retina

Answer 20

Light sensitive inner surface of the eye
Contains rods and cones
Contains neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Question 21

Optic nerve

Answer 21

Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Question 22

Rods

Answer 22

Detects black, white, and gray

Peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

Question 23

Cones

Answer 23

Near center of retina
Daylight or well light conditions
Color: Red, Blue, and Green

Question 24

Blind spot

Answer 24

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye | No receptor cells located here

Question 25

Feature detectors

Answer 25

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Question 26

What are the two color theories

Answer 26

Young- Helmholtz (trichromatic) | Opponents- process

Question 27

How are the two theories complementary and valid

Answer 27

They work together and do not oppose each other

Question 28

Young Helmhotlz theory (trichromatic theory)

Answer 28

The retina contains three different color receptors which can produce the perception of any color

Question 29

Opponent process theory

Answer 29

Opposing retinal processes (red-green, black-white, blue-yellow) enable color vision

Question 30

After images

Answer 30

After you have stared at one color in an opponent- process pair, the cell responds to that color and the opponent cell begins to produce the afterimage

Question 31

Color blindness

Answer 31

Dichromatic- cannot see red/green shades or blue/yellow shades Monochromatic- causes people to see only shades of grey

Question 32

What are binocular cues

Answer 32

Depend on use of two eyes

Question 33

What are monocular cues

Answer 33

Either eye alone

Question 34

Visual cliff

Answer 34

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Question 35

Examples of binocular cues

Answer 35

Retinal disparity- images from two eyes differ | Convergence- single sent from muscles that turn eyes towards nose

Question 36

Examples of monocular cues

Answer 36

``` Linear perspective Relative size Interposition Texture gradient Aerial perspective Light and shadow Motion parallax ```

Question 37

What is determined by amplitude and how is it measured

Answer 37

Loudness and height | Decibels

Question 38

What is determined by frequency

Answer 38

Pitch | Width of a wave

Question 39

Conduction hearing loss

Answer 39

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Question 40

Sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 40

Hear loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness

Question 41

Taste and importance of sensory interaction

Answer 41

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Question 42

Smell

Answer 42

Olfactory

Question 43

Gate control theory of pain

Answer 43

Nerve gates open and close to transmit pain or stop it

Question 44

Phantom limb sensation

Answer 44

The sensation that a missing or amputated limb is still attached to the body

Question 45

Kinesthesis

Answer 45

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Question 46

Vestibular sense

Answer 46

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Question 47

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 47

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 48

Figure ground relationship

Answer 48

We always organize the stimulus into a figure seen against a ground

Question 49

Proximity

Answer 49

Nearness

Question 50

Closure

Answer 50

Our mind fills in gaps with familiar objects

Question 51

Phi phenomenon

Answer 51

Perceiving continuous motion between separate objects and fast speeds Binocular cue

Question 52

Interposition

Answer 52

Overlapping | Monocular cue