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Uworld > Test 42: Pathology > Flashcards

Test 42: Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Marfan is a defect in what

A

fibrillin-1

Chromosome 15

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2
Q

2 most common cardiac abnormalities seen in marfan are

A
  1. mitral valve prolapse

2. cystic medial degeneration of the aorta– aneurysmal dilation –> untreated - aortic dissection

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3
Q

Marfan syndrome and Homocystinuria have similar characteristics what separates them

A

Marfan: aortic root dilation
Homocystinuria: intellectual disability and thrombosis

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4
Q

Poor maternal glucose control leads to what

A
  • Transplacental glucose
  • baby beta cell hyperplasia
  • hyperinsulinism
  • Macrosomia

After delivery: baby hypoglycemia

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5
Q

diaphoresis

A

excessive sweating

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6
Q

Coagulative necrosis develops after what

A

ischemic injury

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7
Q

morphology of coagulative necrosis

A
  • tissue architecture perserved

- cell anucleated

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8
Q

What causes liquefactive necrosis

A
  • bacterial infections

- central nervous system infarcts

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9
Q

Fat necrosis is seen in what

A

acute pancreatitis

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10
Q

Caseous necrosis occurs with what

A

tuberculous infection

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11
Q

Morphology of caseous necrosis

A
  • cheesy tan-white gross appearance

- granuloma

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12
Q

patient with ST-segmen elevation in Leads II, III, aVF.

tight squeezing in chest radiates down left arm

A

MI due to transmural ischemia of inferior wall of heart

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13
Q

Complete cardiac ischemia for greater than 30 min. shows up how in impacted heart

A

coagulative necrosis

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14
Q

ischemic cell death in CNV causes what

A

liquefactive necrosis

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15
Q

Left atrial pressure systolic pressure increase is associated with what heart valve problem

A

mitral regurgitation

- increase filling of left atrium during systole

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16
Q

pt 8 year old boy: right mandible mass, immigrated from East Africa, temp 98, lymphadenopthy
biopsy: diffuse infiltrate of lymphoid cells and numerous mitotic figures

A

Burkitt lymphoma

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17
Q

Burkitt lymphoma translocation

A
  1. c-Myc oncogene on long arm of chromosome 8
  2. Ig heavy chain region on chromosome 14

8:14

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18
Q

The product of c-myc is a nuclear phosphoprotien that function as

A

transcription activitor

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19
Q

histo for Burkitt lymphoma

A

“starry sky”

- sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed “tangible body” macrophages

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20
Q

translocation for follicular lymphoma

A

14:18

18: long arm near bcl2 gene
14: Ig heavy chain

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21
Q

translocation for mantle cell lymphoma

A

11:14

11: cycline D1
14: Ig heavy chain

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22
Q

Translocation for Chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

Philadelphia chromosome 9:22

BCR-ABL

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23
Q

Regurgitant blood flow from aorta into left ventricle in chronic aortic regurgitation leads to what

A

increase preload, wall stress

-result with eccentric hypertrophy, increase stroke volume

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24
Q

genetics for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

autosomal dominant

  • mutation in sarcomere gene
  • Beta-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C
25
Q

How do coagulopathies present

A

deep-tissue leading in joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissue

26
Q

how do platelet defects present

A

mucocutaneous bleeding

27
Q

Von Willebrand Disease how does it impact the coagulation cascade

A

acts to carry/protect factor VIII

28
Q

Halitosis

A

foul breath

29
Q

Periodic, simultaneous, and non-peristaltic contractions of the esophagus due to impaired inhibitory innervation within the esophageal myenteric plexus

A

diffuse esophageal spasm

30
Q

pt with memory loss of recent events, loss of executive dysfunction and visuospatial impairment

A

Alzheimer dementia

31
Q

histo for Alzheimer

A 
Amyloid plaques (neuritic senile plaques) 
neurofibrillary tangles
32
Q

Large intracytoplasmic vacuoles, sometimes described as spongiform is seen in what

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

33
Q

presentation for Lewy body

A
  1. attention deficit
  2. visual hallucinations
  3. spontaneous parkinsonism
34
Q

What is seen in multiple lacunar infarcts

A

vascular dementia

35
Q

what is the difference between vascular dementia and Alzheimer dementia

A

vascular dementia: step-wise rather than gradual decline in cognitive function
- also focal neurologic deficits

36
Q

What is manometry for achalasia

A
  1. normal contraction of upper esophageal sphincter
  2. decreased amplitude of peristalsis mid esophagus
  3. incomplete relaxation at LES
37
Q

what happens when Cricopharyngeal dysfunction

A

failure to relax during swallowing and cause a choking or “food-sticking” sensation on swallowing

38
Q

Most common congenital heart defect

A

bicuspid aortic valve

39
Q

bicuspid aortic valve causes what

A

atherosclerosis and calcification of aortic valve

- lead to aortic stenosis in greater than 50%

40
Q

common cause of superior vena cava syndrome

A
  • lung cancer, followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma

- mediastinal mass

41
Q

Small cell lung carcinoma is associated with what other disease

A

Cushing syndrome and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

42
Q

34 yr old women: dizziness, mild confusion over last week. history of seizures recently started carbamazepine, temp 98, low sodium concentration ? what does she have and why

A

Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, SIADH

- carbamazepine

43
Q

What protein do ADH and oxytocin have? function

A

neurophysins

- postranslational hormone processing and stabilization during axonal transport

44
Q

In what nuclei of the hypothalamus does vasopressin and oxytocin come from

A

ADH: supraoptic nuclei
oxytocin: paraventricular

45
Q

Most common pediatric malignancy leukemia is

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL

46
Q

8yr old boy: fever, throat pain, severe dyspnea, tachypnea, inspiratory stridor, hematopoietic cells (blasts)

A

ALL
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- b/c throat pain = mediastinal mass which compresses the esophagus and trachea and block SVC ( superior vena cava) = T-cell ALL

47
Q

what is lymphangiosarcoma

A

rare malignant neoplasm of the endothelial lining of lymphatic channels

48
Q

when do you see a patient getting lymphangiosarcoma

A

10 years following radical mastectomy for breast cancer

49
Q

Persistent lymphedema predisposes to the development of what

A

lymphangiosarcoma

50
Q

what is lymphangiosarcoma

A

rare malignant neoplasm of endothelial lining of lymphatic channels

51
Q

What can secrete beta-hCG

A
  • placenta

- Choriocarcinoma - testicular germ cell tumor

52
Q

compare the structure of Beta-hCG

A

alpha subunit: TSH, LH FSH similar

beta subunit: TSH similar

53
Q

28 yr old man: panels scrotal mass, increased sweating and heat intolerance , enlarged contender right testicle, increased T4 and T3

A

increased B-hCG with testicular germ cell tumor

54
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

55
Q

what does portal vein thrombosis cause

A

portal hypertension
splenomegaly
varicosities at portocaval anastomoses ( lower esophagus)

56
Q

What is the gene mutation sequence for colorectal cancer

A

APC
K-ras
p53 and DCC

57
Q

role of K-ras

A

apoptosis

58
Q

treatment for Gardnerella vaginalis

A

clindamycin or metronidazole

Uworld (63 decks)

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